Questions and Answers
What is Expectancy Bias?
A tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations.
What does Self-consistency Bias refer to?
The idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are.
Describe Hindsight Bias.
The tendency to believe that we could have or should have predicted an outcome after the event has occurred.
What is Anchoring Bias?
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Define Confirmation Bias.
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What is meant by Representativeness Bias?
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What does Self-serving Bias entail?
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Study Notes
Expectancy Bias
- Distorts memory recall to align events with personal expectations.
- Affects how individuals remember and interpret past events.
Self-consistency Bias
- Reflects the belief in greater consistency in attitudes and beliefs than actually exists.
- Can lead to biased memories that reinforce the idea of personal consistency.
Hindsight Bias
- Results in the belief that one could have predicted an event after it has occurred.
- Commonly known as the "I knew it all along" effect, it skews perception of past events.
Anchoring Bias
- Involves relying too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions or estimates.
- This unrelated quantity can unduly influence the assessment of subsequent information.
Confirmation Bias
- Leads individuals to favor information that supports their existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
- Can stifle critical thinking and objective analysis.
Representativeness Bias
- Involves assuming that an individual shares all characteristics of a defined group based on one observed quality.
- Closely tied to the process of stereotyping and can lead to inaccurate judgments.
Self-serving Bias
- Reflects the tendency to attribute successes to personal efforts while attributing failures to external factors.
- Reinforces a positive self-image and protects self-esteem.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various types of biases encountered in psychology with these flashcards. Each card defines a specific bias that affects memory and perception. Perfect for AP Psychology students looking to deepen their understanding of cognitive processes.
