A&P Lab Review: Classification of Tissues

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Questions and Answers

List the following in order from least complex to most complex: organ, cell, tissue, and organ system.

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Define histology.

The study of tissue

What is epithelium?

Lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface; forms endocrine and exocrine glands; classified based on the shape and arrangement of the cells.

What are the major functions of muscle tissue?

Pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat; major function is to contract; transmits electrical signals. Signup and view all the answers

What is connective tissue?

Anchors, packages, and supports body organs; derived from mesenchyme; consists of cells within an extracellular matrix; most widespread tissue in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is nervous tissue?

Transmits electrical signals; forms nerves and the brain. Signup and view all the answers

Describe five general characteristics of epithelial tissue.

The cells fit closely together, forming sheet-like membranes; little intercellular material between the cells; avascular; the membrane has a free edge; generally has a high regenerative capacity. Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for protein function.

Stratified squamous epithelium, epidermis of the skin. Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for diffusion.

Transitional epithelium, urinary bladder. Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for secretion.

Simple columnar epithelium, stomach digestive. Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for filtration.

Simple squamous epithelium, air sacs of the lungs. Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of epithelium and an organ that provides for absorption.

Simple cuboidal epithelium, kidney tubules. Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature do epithelial tissues that provide for protection have in common?

They are mostly going to be stratified epithelial – two or more layers. Signup and view all the answers

Cilia sweep up cells anything that lands on cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

Goblet cells are found between simple/pseudo stratified columnar epithelium.

True Signup and view all the answers

Microvilli are involved in diffusion in the small intestines.

False Signup and view all the answers

How does transitional epithelium differ structurally from other stratified squamous epithelial tissues?

The surface cells are 'plump' rather than flattened. Signup and view all the answers

How do endocrine and exocrine glands differ in structure and function?

Endocrine glands are ductless and produce hormones released directly into the blood, while exocrine glands have ducts and secrete substances to the body's surface. Signup and view all the answers

What are three general characteristics of connective tissue?

Composed of many extracellular matrix produced by cells; the matrix provides supportive function; most types are well vascularized. Signup and view all the answers

What functions are performed by connective tissue?

Protection, support, and binding together of other body tissues. Signup and view all the answers

How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure?

Living cells are sparse, and the large amount of non-living matrix provides the strength needed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

It attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adipose connective tissue?

Insulates against heat loss. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

Forms the fibrous joint capsule. Signup and view all the answers

What does fibrocartilage do?

Makes up the intervertebral discs. Signup and view all the answers

What is areolar connective tissue?

Composes basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jelly-like matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What does hyaline cartilage do?

Forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Provides a flexible framework for the external ear. Signup and view all the answers

What is osseous tissue?

Provides levers for muscle to act on. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two physiological characteristics highly developed in neurons?

Irritability and conductivity. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways are neurons similar to other cells?

They contain a nucleus and the usual organelles. Signup and view all the answers

How are neurons structurally different from other cells?

Their cytoplasm is drawn out into long processes. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the unique structure of a neuron relates to its function in the body.

Neurons conduct impulses over relatively long distances, facilitated by their long cytoplasmic extensions. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

Voluntary, striated, many nuclei, attached to bones, cylindrical cells. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

Involuntary, striated, one nucleus, cylindrical cells, branching cells, forms heart walls, intercalated discs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

Involuntary, one nucleus, in wall of bladder and stomach, spindle-shaped cells. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Tissues

Tissues are classified based on complexity: cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
Histology is the study of tissues.

Epithelial Tissue

Comprises cells that line body cavities and cover external surfaces.
Functions include forming glands (endocrine and exocrine) and is classified by cell shape and arrangement.
Typically has closely packed cells with minimal intercellular material and is avascular with a free edge.
Exhibits high regenerative capacity, important for protection and absorption.

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Provides protection; found in the epidermis of the skin.
Transitional Epithelium: Allows for stretching; located in the urinary bladder.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: Functions in absorption; found in kidney tubules.
Simple Squamous Epithelium: Facilitates filtration; located in air sacs of the lungs.
Simple Columnar Epithelium: Associated with secretion; located in the stomach and digestive tract.

Functional Features of Epithelial Tissue

Specialized structures such as cilia assist in the movement of materials across cell surfaces.
Goblet cells are unicellular glands that secrete mucus.
Microvilli enhance absorption in the small intestine by increasing surface area.

Glandular Epithelium

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine glands possess ducts and secrete substances such as sweat, oil, and digestive enzymes.

Connective Tissue

Characterized by a significant amount of extracellular matrix, which provides strength and support.
Vascularization varies, influencing the healing process.
Functions include protection, support, and binding other tissues together.

Types of Connective Tissue

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Connects muscles to bones and bones to bones.
Adipose Tissue: Provides insulation and stores energy.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Forms fibrous joint capsules.
Fibrocartilage: Composes intervertebral discs.
Areolar Tissue: Serves as a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix.
Hyaline Cartilage: Forms structures like the embryonic skeleton, ribs’ costal cartilages, and the larynx.
Elastic Cartilage: Provides flexibility in the external ear.
Osseous Tissue: Functions as a skeletal framework, enabling muscle movement.
Elastic Connective Tissue: Comprises large artery walls.

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated, multi-nucleated, and attached to bones; cylindrical in shape.
Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, striated, single nucleus, and forms heart walls; features intercalated discs.
Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, single nucleus, spindle-shaped cells found in hollow organs like the bladder and stomach.

Nervous Tissue

Neurons are specialized for communication and impulse transmission.
Exhibit two key physiological characteristics: irritability and conductivity.
Similar to other cells as they contain nuclei and organelles but possess long cytoplasmic processes to enhance signal transmission.

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Description

This quiz covers the classification of tissues as explored in Exercise 6 of the Anatomy & Physiology Lab. It includes definitions and hierarchical relationships among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, as well as specific tissue types such as epithelium.