A&P II Chapter 19 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following carry oxygen poor blood?

Pulmonary veins

Pulmonary arteries (correct)

Venae cavae (correct)

Aorta

Which of the following belong to the pulmonary circuit?

Venae cavae

Pulmonary veins (correct)

Aorta

Pulmonary arteries (correct)

Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Parietal pericardium (correct)

The heart is located in the space called the _____

Mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

The apex of the heart is found _____ of the midline of the body.

To the left Signup and view all the answers

Pericardial fluid is found between the _ and the _

Parietal; Visceral membranes Signup and view all the answers

The _ are the superior chambers of the heart and the _ are the inferior chambers of the heart.

Atria; ventricles Signup and view all the answers

The shallow depression seen on the external surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles is called the _____

Interventricular sulcus Signup and view all the answers

The area where the major vessels lead to and from the heart's chambers is called the _ of the heart. The pointy, inferior portion is called the _

Base; apex Signup and view all the answers

The _____ performs the work of the heart.

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) regulates the opening between the _ and the _

Right atrium; right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen-poor blood passes through the _____

Right AV (tricuspid) and pulmonary valves Signup and view all the answers

Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by _____

Pressure gradients Signup and view all the answers

The _____ valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricle and the vessels leading to the lungs.

Pulmonary Signup and view all the answers

The _____ carry blood toward the lungs.

Pulmonary trunk and arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle?

Pulmonary trunk Signup and view all the answers

The chordae tendinae of the AV valves are anchored to the _____ of the ventricles.

Papillary muscles Signup and view all the answers

After entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel is the _____

Superior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following directly stems from the ascending aorta before it branches into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch?

Left coronary artery Signup and view all the answers

Obstruction of the _____ will cause a more severe myocardial infarction (MI) than the obstruction of any of the others.

Left coronary artery (LCA) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature shared by cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Muscle fiber striations Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat.

Sinoatrial (SA) node Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not part of the cardiac conduction system?

Tendinous cords Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a feature of cardiac muscle?

Same endurance as skeletal muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct path of electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?

SA node > AV node > AV bundle > Purkinje fibers > cardiocyte in LV Signup and view all the answers

The pacemaker potential is a result of _____

Na+ inflow Signup and view all the answers

The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action of _____

Slow Ca2+ channels Signup and view all the answers

When sodium channels are fully open, the membrane of the ventricular cardiocyte _____

Sharply depolarizes Signup and view all the answers

Cells of the sinoatrial node _____ during the pacemaker potential.

Depolarize slowly Signup and view all the answers

Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) _____

Arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

If the sinoatrial (SA) node is damaged, the heart will likely beat at _____ bpm.

40 to 50 Signup and view all the answers

The _____ provides most of the Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Atrial systole begins _____

Immediately after the P wave Signup and view all the answers

Atrial depolarization causes the _____

P wave Signup and view all the answers

The long plateau in the action potential observed in cardiocytes is probably related with _____ staying longer in the cytosol.

Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

The long absolute refractory period of cardiocytes _____

Prevents tetanus Signup and view all the answers

An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate which of the following?

The signal is taking too long to get to the AV node Signup and view all the answers

If two QRS complexes occur before a P wave, it means _____

The AV node is not functioning Signup and view all the answers

In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the _____

T wave Signup and view all the answers

When the left ventricle contracts, the _ valve closes and the _ valve is pushed open.

Mitral; aortic Signup and view all the answers

Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the _____ when the ventricles contract.

Left atrium Signup and view all the answers

Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the _____ of the electrocardiogram.

R wave Signup and view all the answers

During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles _____

Rises rapidly Signup and view all the answers

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) generates a murmur associated with the _ heart sound that occurs when the _

Lubb (S1); ventricles contract Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle?

Ventricular filling > Isovolumetric contraction > Ventricular ejection > Isovolumetric relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Most of the ventricle filling occurs _____

During atrial diastole Signup and view all the answers

When the ventricles relax, the _____ valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.

Aortic Signup and view all the answers

Congestive heart failure (CHF) of the right ventricle _____

Can cause systemic edema Signup and view all the answers

Assume that the left ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV=90 mL, and ESV=60 mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400 mL/min. His SV is _ mL/beat and his HR is _ bpm.

30; 80 Signup and view all the answers

Stroke volume is increased by _____

Increased venous return Signup and view all the answers

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the _____

Cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

Cardioinhibitory centers in the _ receive input from _.

Medulla oblongata; chemoreceptors in the aortic arch Signup and view all the answers

The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to _____

The end-diastolic volume Signup and view all the answers

Mercury is used to measure blood pressure because it is _____ compared to other liquids.

More dense Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Circulation and Heart Structures

Oxygen-poor blood is carried by the venae cavae and pulmonary arteries.
The pulmonary circuit includes the pulmonary arteries and veins.
The heart is encased in the parietal pericardium, the most superficial layer.
The heart is situated in the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
The apex of the heart is positioned to the left of the body's midline.

Heart Anatomy and Function

Pericardial fluid is located between the parietal and visceral membranes.
The heart has two superior chambers (atria) and two inferior chambers (ventricles).
An interventricular sulcus is the depression found on the heart's surface between the ventricles.
The base is the region where major vessels connect to heart chambers, while the apex refers to the pointy inferior portion.
The myocardium is responsible for the heart's pumping action.

Heart Valves

The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
Oxygen-poor blood passes through the right AV (tricuspid) and pulmonary valves.
Heart valve operation is driven by pressure gradients, determining their opening and closing.

Blood Vessels and Coronary Circulation

The pulmonary valve regulates blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs.
The pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries transport blood toward the lungs.
The right ventricle directly empties into the pulmonary trunk.
The left coronary artery branches off the ascending aorta before dividing into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch.
Obstruction of the left coronary artery can lead to a more severe myocardial infarction (MI).

Cardiac Muscle and Rhythm

Cardiac and skeletal muscles share striations in muscle fibers.
The sinoatrial (SA) node functions as the pacemaker, initiating each heartbeat.
Tendinous cords are not part of the cardiac conduction system.
Cardiac muscle exhibits different endurance compared to skeletal muscles.

Electrical Excitation and Conduction

Electrical excitation follows the path: sinoatrial (SA) node > atrioventricular (AV) node > AV bundle > Purkinje fibers > cardiocyte in left ventricle.
Pacemaker potential arises from sodium (Na+) inflow.
The plateau in cardiac muscle action potential is due to slow calcium (Ca2+) channels.

Cardiac Action Potentials

Ventricular cardiocyte membranes sharply depolarize when sodium channels open.
Cells in the SA node gradually depolarize during the pacemaker potential.
Arrhythmia refers to any abnormal cardiac rhythm.
If the SA node malfunctions, the heart rate may drop to 40-50 bpm.

Cardiac Cycle and Phases

The sarcoplasmic reticulum supplies most calcium for myocardial contraction.
Atrial systole initiates immediately after the P wave on an ECG.
Atrial depolarization creates the P wave.
The extended plateau in cardiocytes correlates with prolonged presence of calcium in the cytosol.
A long absolute refractory period in cardiocytes prevents tetanus.

ECG Interpretation and Heart Sounds

An extended period between the P wave and QRS complex can indicate delays in AV node signaling.
Early QRS complexes without prior P waves suggest AV node dysfunction.
The T wave in a normal ECG represents ventricular repolarization.

Heart Mechanics

During left ventricle contraction, the mitral valve closes, and the aortic valve opens.
Mitral valve prolapse allows blood to leak back into the left atrium during ventricle contraction.
Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the R wave of an ECG when ventricular pressure rises sharply.

Heart Function and Output

Ventricular filling occurs primarily during atrial diastole.
The aortic valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle during its relaxation phase.
Right ventricular congestive heart failure can lead to systemic edema.
Stroke volume (SV) is determined by end-diastolic volume (EDV) minus end-systolic volume (ESV).
Cardiac output measures blood volume ejected from each ventricle per minute.

Regulatory Mechanisms

Cardioinhibitory centers in the medulla oblongata receive signals from chemoreceptors in the aortic arch.
The Frank-Starling law indicates that stroke volume is proportional to end-diastolic volume.
Mercury's density makes it suitable for measuring blood pressure in comparison to other liquids.

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Test your knowledge on Chapter 19 of Anatomy & Physiology II with these flashcards. This quiz focuses on key concepts including the circulatory system, the heart's structure, and its functions. Enhance your understanding of the pulmonary circuit and the layers surrounding the heart.