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Questions and Answers
Which of the following carry oxygen poor blood?
Which of the following carry oxygen poor blood?
Which of the following belong to the pulmonary circuit?
Which of the following belong to the pulmonary circuit?
Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?
Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?
The heart is located in the space called the _____
The heart is located in the space called the _____
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The apex of the heart is found _____ of the midline of the body.
The apex of the heart is found _____ of the midline of the body.
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Pericardial fluid is found between the _____ and the _____
Pericardial fluid is found between the _____ and the _____
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The _____ are the superior chambers of the heart and the _____ are the inferior chambers of the heart.
The _____ are the superior chambers of the heart and the _____ are the inferior chambers of the heart.
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The shallow depression seen on the external surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles is called the _____
The shallow depression seen on the external surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles is called the _____
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The area where the major vessels lead to and from the heart's chambers is called the _____ of the heart. The pointy, inferior portion is called the _____
The area where the major vessels lead to and from the heart's chambers is called the _____ of the heart. The pointy, inferior portion is called the _____
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The _____ performs the work of the heart.
The _____ performs the work of the heart.
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The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) regulates the opening between the _____ and the _____
The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) regulates the opening between the _____ and the _____
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Oxygen-poor blood passes through the _____
Oxygen-poor blood passes through the _____
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Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by _____
Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by _____
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The _____ valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricle and the vessels leading to the lungs.
The _____ valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricle and the vessels leading to the lungs.
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The _____ carry blood toward the lungs.
The _____ carry blood toward the lungs.
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Which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle?
Which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle?
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The chordae tendinae of the AV valves are anchored to the _____ of the ventricles.
The chordae tendinae of the AV valves are anchored to the _____ of the ventricles.
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After entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel is the _____
After entering the right atrium, the furthest a red blood cell can travel is the _____
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Which of the following directly stems from the ascending aorta before it branches into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch?
Which of the following directly stems from the ascending aorta before it branches into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch?
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Obstruction of the _____ will cause a more severe myocardial infarction (MI) than the obstruction of any of the others.
Obstruction of the _____ will cause a more severe myocardial infarction (MI) than the obstruction of any of the others.
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Which of the following is a feature shared by cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?
Which of the following is a feature shared by cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?
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The _____ is the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat.
The _____ is the pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat.
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Which of the following is not part of the cardiac conduction system?
Which of the following is not part of the cardiac conduction system?
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Which of the following is not a feature of cardiac muscle?
Which of the following is not a feature of cardiac muscle?
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Which is the correct path of electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?
Which is the correct path of electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?
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The pacemaker potential is a result of _____
The pacemaker potential is a result of _____
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The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action of _____
The plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle results from the action of _____
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When sodium channels are fully open, the membrane of the ventricular cardiocyte _____
When sodium channels are fully open, the membrane of the ventricular cardiocyte _____
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Cells of the sinoatrial node _____ during the pacemaker potential.
Cells of the sinoatrial node _____ during the pacemaker potential.
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Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) _____
Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) _____
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If the sinoatrial (SA) node is damaged, the heart will likely beat at _____ bpm.
If the sinoatrial (SA) node is damaged, the heart will likely beat at _____ bpm.
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The _____ provides most of the Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction.
The _____ provides most of the Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction.
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Atrial systole begins _____
Atrial systole begins _____
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Atrial depolarization causes the _____
Atrial depolarization causes the _____
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The long plateau in the action potential observed in cardiocytes is probably related with _____ staying longer in the cytosol.
The long plateau in the action potential observed in cardiocytes is probably related with _____ staying longer in the cytosol.
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The long absolute refractory period of cardiocytes _____
The long absolute refractory period of cardiocytes _____
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An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate which of the following?
An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate which of the following?
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If two QRS complexes occur before a P wave, it means _____
If two QRS complexes occur before a P wave, it means _____
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In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the _____
In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the _____
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When the left ventricle contracts, the _____ valve closes and the _____ valve is pushed open.
When the left ventricle contracts, the _____ valve closes and the _____ valve is pushed open.
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Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the _____ when the ventricles contract.
Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the _____ when the ventricles contract.
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Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the _____ of the electrocardiogram.
Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the _____ of the electrocardiogram.
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During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles _____
During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles _____
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Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) generates a murmur associated with the _____ heart sound that occurs when the _____
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) generates a murmur associated with the _____ heart sound that occurs when the _____
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Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle?
Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle?
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Most of the ventricle filling occurs _____
Most of the ventricle filling occurs _____
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When the ventricles relax, the _____ valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
When the ventricles relax, the _____ valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
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Congestive heart failure (CHF) of the right ventricle _____
Congestive heart failure (CHF) of the right ventricle _____
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Assume that the left ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV=90 mL, and ESV=60 mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400 mL/min. His SV is _____ mL/beat and his HR is _____ bpm.
Assume that the left ventricle of a child's heart has an EDV=90 mL, and ESV=60 mL, and a cardiac output of 2,400 mL/min. His SV is _____ mL/beat and his HR is _____ bpm.
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Stroke volume is increased by _____
Stroke volume is increased by _____
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The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the _____
The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the _____
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Cardioinhibitory centers in the _____ receive input from _____.
Cardioinhibitory centers in the _____ receive input from _____.
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The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to _____
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportional to _____
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Mercury is used to measure blood pressure because it is _____ compared to other liquids.
Mercury is used to measure blood pressure because it is _____ compared to other liquids.
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Study Notes
Blood Circulation and Heart Structures
- Oxygen-poor blood is carried by the venae cavae and pulmonary arteries.
- The pulmonary circuit includes the pulmonary arteries and veins.
- The heart is encased in the parietal pericardium, the most superficial layer.
- The heart is situated in the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
- The apex of the heart is positioned to the left of the body's midline.
Heart Anatomy and Function
- Pericardial fluid is located between the parietal and visceral membranes.
- The heart has two superior chambers (atria) and two inferior chambers (ventricles).
- An interventricular sulcus is the depression found on the heart's surface between the ventricles.
- The base is the region where major vessels connect to heart chambers, while the apex refers to the pointy inferior portion.
- The myocardium is responsible for the heart's pumping action.
Heart Valves
- The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
- Oxygen-poor blood passes through the right AV (tricuspid) and pulmonary valves.
- Heart valve operation is driven by pressure gradients, determining their opening and closing.
Blood Vessels and Coronary Circulation
- The pulmonary valve regulates blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs.
- The pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries transport blood toward the lungs.
- The right ventricle directly empties into the pulmonary trunk.
- The left coronary artery branches off the ascending aorta before dividing into the circumflex branch and anterior interventricular branch.
- Obstruction of the left coronary artery can lead to a more severe myocardial infarction (MI).
Cardiac Muscle and Rhythm
- Cardiac and skeletal muscles share striations in muscle fibers.
- The sinoatrial (SA) node functions as the pacemaker, initiating each heartbeat.
- Tendinous cords are not part of the cardiac conduction system.
- Cardiac muscle exhibits different endurance compared to skeletal muscles.
Electrical Excitation and Conduction
- Electrical excitation follows the path: sinoatrial (SA) node > atrioventricular (AV) node > AV bundle > Purkinje fibers > cardiocyte in left ventricle.
- Pacemaker potential arises from sodium (Na+) inflow.
- The plateau in cardiac muscle action potential is due to slow calcium (Ca2+) channels.
Cardiac Action Potentials
- Ventricular cardiocyte membranes sharply depolarize when sodium channels open.
- Cells in the SA node gradually depolarize during the pacemaker potential.
- Arrhythmia refers to any abnormal cardiac rhythm.
- If the SA node malfunctions, the heart rate may drop to 40-50 bpm.
Cardiac Cycle and Phases
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum supplies most calcium for myocardial contraction.
- Atrial systole initiates immediately after the P wave on an ECG.
- Atrial depolarization creates the P wave.
- The extended plateau in cardiocytes correlates with prolonged presence of calcium in the cytosol.
- A long absolute refractory period in cardiocytes prevents tetanus.
ECG Interpretation and Heart Sounds
- An extended period between the P wave and QRS complex can indicate delays in AV node signaling.
- Early QRS complexes without prior P waves suggest AV node dysfunction.
- The T wave in a normal ECG represents ventricular repolarization.
Heart Mechanics
- During left ventricle contraction, the mitral valve closes, and the aortic valve opens.
- Mitral valve prolapse allows blood to leak back into the left atrium during ventricle contraction.
- Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the R wave of an ECG when ventricular pressure rises sharply.
Heart Function and Output
- Ventricular filling occurs primarily during atrial diastole.
- The aortic valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle during its relaxation phase.
- Right ventricular congestive heart failure can lead to systemic edema.
- Stroke volume (SV) is determined by end-diastolic volume (EDV) minus end-systolic volume (ESV).
- Cardiac output measures blood volume ejected from each ventricle per minute.
Regulatory Mechanisms
- Cardioinhibitory centers in the medulla oblongata receive signals from chemoreceptors in the aortic arch.
- The Frank-Starling law indicates that stroke volume is proportional to end-diastolic volume.
- Mercury's density makes it suitable for measuring blood pressure in comparison to other liquids.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 19 of Anatomy & Physiology II with these flashcards. This quiz focuses on key concepts including the circulatory system, the heart's structure, and its functions. Enhance your understanding of the pulmonary circuit and the layers surrounding the heart.
