AP Human Geography Unit 4 Review
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Questions and Answers

What is a centripetal force?

  • A political conflict
  • A geographical barrier
  • A force that divides people
  • An attitude that unifies people (correct)

Which of the following are examples of centrifugal forces? (Select all that apply)

  • Religious differences (correct)
  • National identity
  • Economic opportunities
  • Language (correct)

What were walls and barriers used for in older forms of government?

To create an attempt at a 'natural boundary'.

Name an example of a wall used in the 20th and 21st centuries.

<p>Berlin Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one social consequence of walls as boundaries?

<p>Can divide families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term colonialism refer to?

<p>Attempt by one country to establish settlements and impose its principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are supranational boundaries?

<p>Boundaries formed by organizations like the EU for their own territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do landlocked countries face?

<p>Struggle with using their own resources and need to import goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one criterion of a state?

<p>Must maintain sovereignty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of states? (Select all that apply)

<p>Nation (A), Stateless Nation (B), Autonomous Region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Cold War?

<p>A conflict between the US and the Soviet Union without direct military confrontation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a supranational organization?

<p>The World Trade Organization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a stateless nation.

<p>An ethnic group or nation without its own state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are types of boundaries?

<p>Delimited, demarcated, defined (A), Natural, open, relic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following definitions with their corresponding types of states:

<p>Federal = A political entity with partially self-governing regions. Unitary = A state governed as a single power. Confederation = An association of sovereign states. Empire = A group of nations under a single sovereign authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is globalization?

<p>Actions that involve the entire world and make something worldwide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is devolution?

<p>Transfer of powers from the federal government to the states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does decolonization mean?

<p>Changing from colonial to independent status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated European colonialism?

<p>The Berlin Conference and division of African land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Berlin Conference?

<p>A meeting in 1884-1885 to discuss colonization of Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gerrymandering?

<p>Redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Centripetal Forces

Forces that unite people and enhance support for a state.

Centrifugal Forces

Forces that divide people and can lead to conflict within a state.

Walls and Barriers

Barriers used to establish boundaries between political entities.

Consequences of Walls

Separation, limited economic opportunity, ecosystem fragmentation.

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Colonialism in Africa

Divided Africa into countries without regard for existing ethnic or cultural boundaries.

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Landlocked Country

A country lacking direct access to the ocean for trade.

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Criterion of a State

Sovereignty, a constitution, and a stable government structure.

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Cold War

Prolonged tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

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Supranational Organizations

Organizations where multiple states pool sovereignty for mutual benefit.

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Stateless Nations

Groups without their own independent state.

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Types of Boundaries

Defined, delimited, demarcated, natural, open, relic, superimposed, antecedent.

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Federal State

States with self-governing regions under a central authority.

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Unitary State

States with centralized supreme authority.

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Globalization

Processes encompassing the entire world.

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Devolution

Transfer of power from central to regional governments.

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Decolonization

Transition from colonial rule to independence.

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Colonialism

Establishing settlements and political, economic, and cultural dominance.

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European Motivation for Colonialism

Divide Africa for colonial gain.

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Berlin Conference

Established rules for colonizing Africa.

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Gerrymandering

Redrawing legislative district boundaries to favor a party.

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Supranational Boundaries

Organizations like the European Union.

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Study Notes

Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

  • Centripetal forces unify people and enhance support for a state.
  • Centrifugal forces divide people and can lead to conflict.
  • Examples of centrifugal forces include religious differences, language barriers, and cultural diversity.
  • Centripetal forces include national identity, shared resources, and economic opportunities.

Walls and Barriers

  • Used historically to establish "natural boundaries" by older governmental forms.
  • Recent examples include the Berlin Wall, the U.S.-Mexico border, and barriers in India-Bangladesh and Israel.

Consequences of Walls

  • Socially and politically, walls can separate families and communities.
  • Economically, they can limit job opportunities and economic growth.
  • Environmentally, barriers may fragment ecosystems and hinder resource trade.

Colonialism and Africa

  • European powers divided Africa into countries during the Berlin Conference.
  • The establishment of supranational boundaries involves organizations like the European Union.

Economic Challenges of Landlocked Countries

  • Landlocked countries rely heavily on imports as they lack direct access to oceans for trade.

Criterion of a State

  • Key criteria for statehood include sovereignty, a constitution, and a stable government structure.

Types of States

  • Categories include nation, state, stateless nation, multi-state nation, and autonomous region.

Cold War

  • A prolonged tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, characterized by indirect confrontations and threats.

Supranational Organizations

  • Notable examples include the United Nations, League of Nations, NATO, and the European Union.

Stateless Nations

  • Groups like the Kurds and Tibetans who do not have their own state or majority population in any country.

Types of Boundaries

  • Categories include delimited, demarcated, defined, natural, open, relic, superimposed, and antecedent boundaries.

Federal vs. Unitary States

  • Federal states feature partially self-governing regions under a central government.
  • Unitary states operate as a single entity with centralized supreme authority.

Globalization

  • Processes and actions that encompass the entire world, making local processes global in scale.

Devolution

  • The transfer of powers from a central government to regional or state governments, as seen in Iraq.

Decolonization

  • The transition from colonial rule to independent status, emphasizing sovereignty.

Colonialism

  • Involves establishing settlements and enforcing political, economic, and cultural dominance over another territory.

European Motivation for Colonialism

  • The Berlin Conference exemplified European interests in dividing Africa for colonial gain.

Berlin Conference

  • Took place from 1884-1885, establishing protocols for the colonization of Africa among European nations.

Gerrymandering

  • The strategic redrawing of legislative district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from Unit 4 of AP Human Geography, focusing on centripetal and centrifugal forces. Understand how these forces influence political unity and division, as well as real-world examples. Perfect for reviewing before exams!

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