AP Human Geography Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is an antecedent boundary?

A boundary created after cultural landscape developed
A geographical feature marking a border
A boundary established for military purposes
A boundary created before the present-day cultural landscape developed (correct)

What is the definition of a boundary?

An indivisible line marking the extent of a state's territory.

What are centrifugal forces?

The outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body.

What are centripetal forces?

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. Signup and view all the answers

What is a choke point?

A geographical feature that significantly constrains movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a city-state?

A sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside. Signup and view all the answers

What is colonialism?

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and impose its principles. Signup and view all the answers

What are colonies?

Territories legally tied to a sovereign state. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Commonwealth of Independent States?

An alliance made up of states that were part of the Soviet Union. Signup and view all the answers

What is a compact state?

A state where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. Signup and view all the answers

What is a confederation?

An alliance. Signup and view all the answers

What are cultural boundaries?

Boundaries that coincide with differences in ethnicity, language, or religion. Signup and view all the answers

What is decolonization?

The action of changing from colonial to independent status. Signup and view all the answers

What is devolution?

The passing of authority from a central government to a regional government. Signup and view all the answers

What is an elongated state?

A state with a long, narrow shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is an enclave?

A territory entirely surrounded by another territory. Signup and view all the answers

What is the European Union?

Western Europe's most important economic organization. Signup and view all the answers

What is an exclave?

A territory politically attached to another but not contiguous. Signup and view all the answers

What is an exclusive economic zone?

A sea zone where a state has special rights over marine resources. Signup and view all the answers

What are federal states?

Internal organizations that allocate most powers to local governments. Signup and view all the answers

What are fragmented states?

States that include several discontinuous pieces of territory. Signup and view all the answers

What is a frontier?

A zone separating two states where neither state has political control. Signup and view all the answers

What are geometric boundaries?

Straight lines serving as political boundaries unrelated to physical differences. Signup and view all the answers

What is geopolitical?

Relating to the study of the effects of economic geography on state power. Signup and view all the answers

What is the heartland theory?

A hypothesis proposing that political power based in Eurasia could dominate the world. Signup and view all the answers

What are high seas?

Areas of the sea beyond the jurisdiction of any state. Signup and view all the answers

What is imperialism?

Control of territory already occupied by an indigenous society. Signup and view all the answers

What are international organizations?

Organizations with an international membership or scope. Signup and view all the answers

What is a landlocked state?

A state without a direct outlet to the sea. Signup and view all the answers

What are maritime boundaries?

Divisions of the ocean's surface defined by geography. Signup and view all the answers

What are median lines?

Lines created at mid-points between two places for boundary creation. Signup and view all the answers

What are microstates?

States that encompass very small land areas. Signup and view all the answers

What are multinational states?

States containing two ethnic groups that coexist peacefully. Signup and view all the answers

What is a nation?

A politically organized body of people under a single government. Signup and view all the answers

What is a nation-state?

A state whose territory corresponds to a particular ethnicity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the North American Free Trade Agreement?

An agreement creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. Signup and view all the answers

What is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

A military alliance among democratic states in North America and Europe. Signup and view all the answers

What is the organic theory?

A theory comparing a state to a living organism that needs land to grow. Signup and view all the answers

What is a perforated state?

A state completely surrounded by another state. Signup and view all the answers

What are physical boundaries?

Boundaries made by important physical features on Earth's surface. Signup and view all the answers

What is a prorupted state?

An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension. Signup and view all the answers

What is reapportionment?

To redistribute or reallocate. Signup and view all the answers

What is redistricting?

Changing political borders. Signup and view all the answers

What are religious boundaries?

Boundaries that coincide with religious differences. Signup and view all the answers

What is rimland?

A land or region at the periphery of the heartland. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-determination?

The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What is sovereignty?

Government free from external control. Signup and view all the answers

What is a state?

An area organized into a political unit ruled by a government. Signup and view all the answers

What is stateless?

Without a state or nationality. Signup and view all the answers

What are subsequent boundaries?

Boundaries created as a result of long-time processes. Signup and view all the answers

What are superimposed boundaries?

Boundaries forced upon the inhabitants to resolve an issue. Signup and view all the answers

What are supranational organizations?

Organizations not tied to any one sovereign country. Signup and view all the answers

What is a territorial sea?

A belt of coastal waters extending 12 nautical miles from the baseline. Signup and view all the answers

What is terrorism?

The calculated use of violence against civilians for political goals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a unitary state?

An internal organization that places most power in central government. Signup and view all the answers

What is the United Nations?

An international organization created to maintain peace. Signup and view all the answers

What is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas?

Defines nations' rights and responsibilities regarding ocean use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Warsaw Pact?

A military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Concepts in Political Geography

Antecedent Boundaries: Established before current cultural landscapes were formed.
Boundary: An indelible line marking the extent of a state's territory.

Forces Affecting State Unity

Centrifugal Forces: Outward forces impacting a body in a curved path around another.
Centripetal Forces: Attitudes or elements that unify people and garner state support.

Geopolitical Features

Choke Point: A crucial geographical feature that can limit military movement, such as valleys or straits.
City-State: A sovereign state comprising a city and its surrounding countryside.

Historical and Political Context

Colonialism: A country's attempt to establish settlements and impose its governance on another territory.
Colonies: Territories legally linked to a sovereign state but lacking full independence.

Political Alliances and Organizations

Commonwealth of Independent States: Alliance of former Soviet republics established post-1991.
European Union: Key economic organization in Western Europe aimed at promoting development through cooperation.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Military alliance of 16 democratic states designed to maintain balance in Europe.
Supranational Organizations: Entities that operate beyond national boundaries, such as the World Bank.

State Shapes and Characteristics

Compact State: A state with a roughly circular shape; examples include Rwanda.
Elongated State: A long and narrow state shape; examples are Chile and Italy.
Fragmented States: States with discontinuous territories; examples include Indonesia and Alaska.
Perforated State: A state entirely surrounded by another state, like South Africa.
Prorupted State: A compact state with a significant extension; notable examples include Congo and Afghanistan.

Territorial Dynamics

Landlocked State: A state with no direct access to the sea.
Exclusive Economic Zone: A sea zone extending 200 nautical miles from a state's coastline where it holds special rights over marine resources.
Territorial Sea: Coastal waters extending up to 12 nautical miles from a state's baseline.

Boundaries and Borders

Cultural Boundaries: Boundaries matching ethnic differences in language and religion.
Geometric Boundaries: Straight-line political boundaries not related to physical or cultural distinctions.
Subsequent Boundaries: Established through long-term processes reflecting cultural shifts.
Superimposed Boundaries: Boundaries enforced upon inhabitants to address conflicts.

Concepts of Governance

Decolonization: The transition from colonial rule to independence.
Self-Determination: The right of ethnic groups to govern themselves.
Sovereignty: The state of having governing authority without external control.
Federal States: States with distributed power between central and local governments, such as the United States and India.
Unitary State: A political system prioritizing power in a central government.

The Role of Violence and Control

Terrorism: The use of violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological aims.
Imperialism: Control exercised over territories already inhabited by indigenous societies.

Key Theoretical Frameworks

Heartland Theory: Hypothesis by Halford Mackinder proposing that control of Eurasia leads to global dominance.
Organic Theory: Strategy suggesting that states need land to grow, akin to biological organisms.

Additional Terms and Definitions

Enclave: A territory within the boundaries of another.
Exclave: A territory politically attached to another but not contiguous.
Rimland: The region surrounding the heartland.
Median Lines: Techniques for creating boundaries based on mid-points between two areas.

International Law and Governance

United Nations: An international body formed post-WWII to promote peace.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas: Defines national rights and responsibilities in ocean use and resource management.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key terms from Chapter 8 of AP Human Geography. This quiz includes definitions and explanations for concepts like boundaries and forces affecting cultural landscapes. Use these flashcards to prepare effectively for your exams.