AP Human Geography Chapter 8 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is an antecedent boundary?

  • A boundary created after cultural landscape developed
  • A geographical feature marking a border
  • A boundary established for military purposes
  • A boundary created before the present-day cultural landscape developed (correct)
  • What is the definition of a boundary?

    An indivisible line marking the extent of a state's territory.

    What are centrifugal forces?

    The outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body.

    What are centripetal forces?

    <p>An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a choke point?

    <p>A geographical feature that significantly constrains movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a city-state?

    <p>A sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is colonialism?

    <p>Attempt by one country to establish settlements and impose its principles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are colonies?

    <p>Territories legally tied to a sovereign state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Commonwealth of Independent States?

    <p>An alliance made up of states that were part of the Soviet Union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compact state?

    <p>A state where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a confederation?

    <p>An alliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cultural boundaries?

    <p>Boundaries that coincide with differences in ethnicity, language, or religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is decolonization?

    <p>The action of changing from colonial to independent status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is devolution?

    <p>The passing of authority from a central government to a regional government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an elongated state?

    <p>A state with a long, narrow shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enclave?

    <p>A territory entirely surrounded by another territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the European Union?

    <p>Western Europe's most important economic organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exclave?

    <p>A territory politically attached to another but not contiguous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exclusive economic zone?

    <p>A sea zone where a state has special rights over marine resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are federal states?

    <p>Internal organizations that allocate most powers to local governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fragmented states?

    <p>States that include several discontinuous pieces of territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a frontier?

    <p>A zone separating two states where neither state has political control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are geometric boundaries?

    <p>Straight lines serving as political boundaries unrelated to physical differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is geopolitical?

    <p>Relating to the study of the effects of economic geography on state power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heartland theory?

    <p>A hypothesis proposing that political power based in Eurasia could dominate the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are high seas?

    <p>Areas of the sea beyond the jurisdiction of any state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is imperialism?

    <p>Control of territory already occupied by an indigenous society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are international organizations?

    <p>Organizations with an international membership or scope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a landlocked state?

    <p>A state without a direct outlet to the sea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are maritime boundaries?

    <p>Divisions of the ocean's surface defined by geography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are median lines?

    <p>Lines created at mid-points between two places for boundary creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are microstates?

    <p>States that encompass very small land areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are multinational states?

    <p>States containing two ethnic groups that coexist peacefully.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nation?

    <p>A politically organized body of people under a single government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nation-state?

    <p>A state whose territory corresponds to a particular ethnicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the North American Free Trade Agreement?

    <p>An agreement creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

    <p>A military alliance among democratic states in North America and Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organic theory?

    <p>A theory comparing a state to a living organism that needs land to grow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a perforated state?

    <p>A state completely surrounded by another state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are physical boundaries?

    <p>Boundaries made by important physical features on Earth's surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prorupted state?

    <p>An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reapportionment?

    <p>To redistribute or reallocate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is redistricting?

    <p>Changing political borders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are religious boundaries?

    <p>Boundaries that coincide with religious differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rimland?

    <p>A land or region at the periphery of the heartland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-determination?

    <p>The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sovereignty?

    <p>Government free from external control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a state?

    <p>An area organized into a political unit ruled by a government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stateless?

    <p>Without a state or nationality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are subsequent boundaries?

    <p>Boundaries created as a result of long-time processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are superimposed boundaries?

    <p>Boundaries forced upon the inhabitants to resolve an issue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are supranational organizations?

    <p>Organizations not tied to any one sovereign country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a territorial sea?

    <p>A belt of coastal waters extending 12 nautical miles from the baseline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is terrorism?

    <p>The calculated use of violence against civilians for political goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unitary state?

    <p>An internal organization that places most power in central government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the United Nations?

    <p>An international organization created to maintain peace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas?

    <p>Defines nations' rights and responsibilities regarding ocean use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Warsaw Pact?

    <p>A military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Concepts in Political Geography

    • Antecedent Boundaries: Established before current cultural landscapes were formed.
    • Boundary: An indelible line marking the extent of a state's territory.

    Forces Affecting State Unity

    • Centrifugal Forces: Outward forces impacting a body in a curved path around another.
    • Centripetal Forces: Attitudes or elements that unify people and garner state support.

    Geopolitical Features

    • Choke Point: A crucial geographical feature that can limit military movement, such as valleys or straits.
    • City-State: A sovereign state comprising a city and its surrounding countryside.

    Historical and Political Context

    • Colonialism: A country's attempt to establish settlements and impose its governance on another territory.
    • Colonies: Territories legally linked to a sovereign state but lacking full independence.

    Political Alliances and Organizations

    • Commonwealth of Independent States: Alliance of former Soviet republics established post-1991.
    • European Union: Key economic organization in Western Europe aimed at promoting development through cooperation.
    • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Military alliance of 16 democratic states designed to maintain balance in Europe.
    • Supranational Organizations: Entities that operate beyond national boundaries, such as the World Bank.

    State Shapes and Characteristics

    • Compact State: A state with a roughly circular shape; examples include Rwanda.
    • Elongated State: A long and narrow state shape; examples are Chile and Italy.
    • Fragmented States: States with discontinuous territories; examples include Indonesia and Alaska.
    • Perforated State: A state entirely surrounded by another state, like South Africa.
    • Prorupted State: A compact state with a significant extension; notable examples include Congo and Afghanistan.

    Territorial Dynamics

    • Landlocked State: A state with no direct access to the sea.
    • Exclusive Economic Zone: A sea zone extending 200 nautical miles from a state's coastline where it holds special rights over marine resources.
    • Territorial Sea: Coastal waters extending up to 12 nautical miles from a state's baseline.

    Boundaries and Borders

    • Cultural Boundaries: Boundaries matching ethnic differences in language and religion.
    • Geometric Boundaries: Straight-line political boundaries not related to physical or cultural distinctions.
    • Subsequent Boundaries: Established through long-term processes reflecting cultural shifts.
    • Superimposed Boundaries: Boundaries enforced upon inhabitants to address conflicts.

    Concepts of Governance

    • Decolonization: The transition from colonial rule to independence.
    • Self-Determination: The right of ethnic groups to govern themselves.
    • Sovereignty: The state of having governing authority without external control.
    • Federal States: States with distributed power between central and local governments, such as the United States and India.
    • Unitary State: A political system prioritizing power in a central government.

    The Role of Violence and Control

    • Terrorism: The use of violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological aims.
    • Imperialism: Control exercised over territories already inhabited by indigenous societies.

    Key Theoretical Frameworks

    • Heartland Theory: Hypothesis by Halford Mackinder proposing that control of Eurasia leads to global dominance.
    • Organic Theory: Strategy suggesting that states need land to grow, akin to biological organisms.

    Additional Terms and Definitions

    • Enclave: A territory within the boundaries of another.
    • Exclave: A territory politically attached to another but not contiguous.
    • Rimland: The region surrounding the heartland.
    • Median Lines: Techniques for creating boundaries based on mid-points between two areas.

    International Law and Governance

    • United Nations: An international body formed post-WWII to promote peace.
    • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas: Defines national rights and responsibilities in ocean use and resource management.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key terms from Chapter 8 of AP Human Geography. This quiz includes definitions and explanations for concepts like boundaries and forces affecting cultural landscapes. Use these flashcards to prepare effectively for your exams.

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