AP Human Geography Chapter 10 Agriculture

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Questions and Answers

What is Agribusiness?

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry (correct)
Organic farming methods
Home gardening
A small-scale family farm

What is Agriculture?

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

Define Cereal Grain.

A grass yielding grain for food.

What is Chaff?

Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing. Signup and view all the answers

What does a Combine do?

Reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field. Signup and view all the answers

What is Commercial Agriculture?

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. Signup and view all the answers

Define Crop.

Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. Signup and view all the answers

What is Crop Rotation?

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. Signup and view all the answers

Define Desertification.

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily due to human activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is Double Cropping?

Harvesting twice a year from the same field. Signup and view all the answers

What is Grain?

Seed of a cereal grass. Signup and view all the answers

Define Green Revolution.

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Signup and view all the answers

What is Horticulture?

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Signup and view all the answers

Define Hull.

The outer covering of a seed. Signup and view all the answers

What is Intensive Subsistence Agriculture?

A form of subsistence agriculture requiring significant effort to maximize yield. Signup and view all the answers

Define Milkshed.

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Paddy refer to?

Malay word for wet rice, commonly used to describe a sawah. Signup and view all the answers

What is Pastoral Nomadism?

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. Signup and view all the answers

Define Pasture.

Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Plantation?

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates focused on one or two crops for sale. Signup and view all the answers

Define Prime Agricultural Land.

The most productive farmland. Signup and view all the answers

What is Ranching?

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over extensive areas. Signup and view all the answers

What does a Reaper do?

Cuts cereal grain standing in the field. Signup and view all the answers

Define Ridge Tillage.

Planting crops on ridge tops to reduce costs and promote soil conservation. Signup and view all the answers

What is Sawah?

A flooded field for growing rice. Signup and view all the answers

What is Shifting Cultivation?

A form of subsistence agriculture where people shift from one field to another. Signup and view all the answers

Define Slash-and-Burn Agriculture.

A farming method that clears fields by slashing vegetation and burning debris. Signup and view all the answers

What is Spring Wheat?

Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in late summer. Signup and view all the answers

Define Sustainable Agriculture.

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity and minimize pollution. Signup and view all the answers

What is Swidden?

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to Thresh?

To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it. Signup and view all the answers

Define Transhumance.

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. Signup and view all the answers

What is Truck Farming?

Commercial gardening and fruit farming. Signup and view all the answers

Define Wet Rice.

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to flooded fields. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to Winnow?

To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. Signup and view all the answers

What is Winter Wheat?

Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer. Signup and view all the answers

Define Agricultural Industrialization.

The process where farms become part of a vertically organized industrial process. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Agricultural Location Model aim to explain?

The pattern of agricultural land use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices. Signup and view all the answers

What are Agricultural Origins?

The process of domestication of plants by nomadic peoples. Signup and view all the answers

Define Animal Domestication.

The taming of animals through generations of breeding for close association with humans. Signup and view all the answers

What is Aquaculture?

The cultivation of aquatic plants and animals for food. Signup and view all the answers

What is Biotechnology?

A technology that uses living organisms to modify products. Signup and view all the answers

Define Dairying.

The raising of livestock for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter. Signup and view all the answers

What is Economic Activity?

Any action that relates to the making, buying, and selling of goods and services. Signup and view all the answers

What does Environmental Modification refer to?

The introduction of manmade chemicals and practices affecting soil and vegetation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Farm Crisis?

The mass production of farm products that lowers prices and profits for farmers. Signup and view all the answers

Define Feedlot.

A plot of ground on which livestock are fattened for market. Signup and view all the answers

What was the First Agricultural Revolution?

12,000 years ago, marked by plant and animal domestication. Signup and view all the answers

Define Genetic Engineering.

Manipulating genes of living things to instill desirable traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Growing Season?

Time of year that farmers can grow and harvest their crops. Signup and view all the answers

What does Hunting and Gathering involve?

Hunting for meat and gathering edible produce while traveling frequently. Signup and view all the answers

Define Market Gardening.

The small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops. Signup and view all the answers

What is Plant Domestication?

Deliberate tending of crops to gain desirable attributes. Signup and view all the answers

Define Plantation Agriculture.

Cash crops grown on large estates, primarily in tropical LDCs. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Carl O. Sauer?

Defined cultural landscape, highlighting the relationship between culture and nature. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Occurred during the late Middle Ages alongside the Industrial Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

Define Seed Agriculture.

Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds. Signup and view all the answers

What is Specialized Fruit Production?

Farming found in warm, humid areas producing diverse fruits. Signup and view all the answers

Define Staple Grains.

A basic food grain used frequently and in large amounts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Suitcase Farm?

An American commercial farm without permanent residents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Third Agricultural Revolution?

Currently in progress, focused on genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Signup and view all the answers

Define Vegetative Agriculture.

Reproduction of plants by direct cloning of existing plants. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Johann Heinrich Von Thunen?

Wrote 'The Isolated State,' foundational to location theory. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Agricultural Concepts

Agribusiness: Involves commercial agriculture that integrates multiple stages of food processing, typically controlled by large corporations.
Agriculture: Intentional modification of Earth's surface for cultivating crops and raising livestock, aiming for sustenance or economic profit.
Cereal Grain: Refers to grasses like wheat and rice that produce edible grains.

Agricultural Practices and Techniques

Chaff: The husks of grain separated during the threshing process.
Combine: A machine designed to reap, thresh, and clean grain in one operation while moving across fields.
Crop Rotation: A practice of alternating different crops on the same field annually to maintain soil health.
Double Cropping: Cultivating two crops from the same field in a single year.
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: Requires substantial effort for maximum yield from a small area.

Land Use and Crop Management

Desertification: Land degradation in semiarid regions due to human activities like overgrazing and deforestation.
Milkshed: The surrounding area of a city from which milk is delivered.
Plantation: Large farms in tropical areas specializing in one or two cash crops for export.
Prime Agricultural Land: The most fertile and productive land available for farming.

Livestock and Animal Husbandry

Pastoral Nomadism: Subsistence style of farming focused on herding domesticated animals.
Ranching: Type of commercial agriculture where livestock graze over extensive areas.

Historical Agricultural Developments

First Agricultural Revolution: Initiated around 12,000 years ago with the domestication of plants and animals, transitioning from hunting-gathering to agriculture.
Second Agricultural Revolution: Occurred in the late Middle Ages, connected to the Industrial Revolution with enhanced farming tools and techniques.
Third Agricultural Revolution: Currently underway, focuses on genetic modification of organisms, including advancements from the Green Revolution.

Innovations and Environmental Considerations

Biotechnology: Use of living organisms in technology to modify products for food or other uses.
Sustainable Agriculture: Practices that maintain long-term land productivity while minimizing pollution, using crop rotation and reduced fertilizer/pesticide use.
Environmental Modification: Human-induced changes that often negatively affect soil and vegetation.

Crop Cultivation and Harvesting

Horticulture: Cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Market Gardening: Small-scale farming aimed at producing diverse crops for local markets, requiring manual labor.
Wet Rice Cultivation: Involves growing rice in flooded conditions to enhance growth.

Farm Crisis: Result of mass production leading to lower prices, affecting farmers' profits and contributing to the decline of small farms.
Suitcase Farm: A commercial farm without permanent residents, relying on migratory labor for operations.

Key Figures in Agricultural Theory

Carl O. Sauer: Identified cultural landscapes shaped by human influence, setting the framework for agricultural geography.
Johann Heinrich Von Thunen: Developed location theory to explain agricultural land use patterns based on distance and accessibility.

Modern Concepts and Practices

Genetic Engineering: Manipulating genetic material in organisms to produce desirable traits, such as improving crop longevity.
Aquaculture: Farming of aquatic animals and plants for food.
Animal Domestication: The long-term breeding of animals to live closely with humans for companionship or work.

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Description

This quiz covers essential terminology and concepts from Chapter 10 of AP Human Geography, focusing on agriculture and agribusiness. Each flashcard presents key terms and definitions relevant to the study of agricultural practices and their impact on the environment and economy.