AP Geography Unit 4 Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are the four types of boundary disputes?

Definitional, locational, allocational, operational (correct)

Cultural, physical, economic, political

Ethnic, regional, urban, rural

Historical, current, political, societal

What characterizes a definitional boundary dispute?

Focus on legal language. Example: median line of a river.

What is a locational boundary dispute?

Centers on the delimitation and possibly demarcation of the boundary.

What does an operational boundary dispute entail?

Involves neighbors who differ over how their border should function. Signup and view all the answers

What is an allocational boundary dispute?

Involves international boundaries at sea. Signup and view all the answers

What are centripetal forces?

Forces that move toward a center Signup and view all the answers

What are centrifugal forces?

Forces that tend to move away from a center Signup and view all the answers

What is the United Nations?

An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international security. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a state?

A national or government territory. Signup and view all the answers

How is a nation defined?

A large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a nation-state?

A sovereign state whose citizens are relatively homogeneous in language or common descent. Signup and view all the answers

What is a stateless nation?

Ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation-state. Signup and view all the answers

What is a multinational state?

A sovereign state comprising two or more nations. Signup and view all the answers

What are geometric-political boundaries?

Boundaries defined by straight lines unrelated to physical or cultural differences. Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical-political boundary?

Borders that define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions. Signup and view all the answers

Define devolution.

The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level. Signup and view all the answers

What is sovereignty?

Power or authority. Signup and view all the answers

Define colonization.

The act of colonizing. Signup and view all the answers

What does federal refer to?

Having or relating to a system. Signup and view all the answers

What does unitary mean?

Forming a single or uniform entity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a buffer state?

A small neutral country situated between two larger hostile countries. Signup and view all the answers

What is territoriality?

Of or relating to the ownership of an area of land or sea. Signup and view all the answers

What is gerrymandering?

To divide a geographical area into voting districts to give unfair advantage to one party in elections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Peace of Westphalia?

A series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648. Signup and view all the answers

What does electoral geography analyze?

The methods, behavior, and results of elections in the context of geographic space. Signup and view all the answers

Define terrorism.

The use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. Signup and view all the answers

What does NATO stand for?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Signup and view all the answers

What are sanctions?

A threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule. Signup and view all the answers

What is unification?

The process of being united or made into a whole. Signup and view all the answers

Describe an international organization.

A world organization or international alliance. Signup and view all the answers

What does OPEC stand for?

Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries. Signup and view all the answers

Define supranational organization.

An international organization whereby member states transcend national boundaries to share in decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What is democracy?

A system of government by the whole population or eligible members of a state. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Boundary Disputes

Four types of boundary disputes: definitional, locational, allocational, and operational.
Definitional boundary dispute: Focus on legal language; an example is the median line of a river.
Locational boundary dispute: Centers on the drawing (delimitation) and establishing (demarcation) of boundaries.
Operational boundary dispute: Concerns how neighbors interpret the functions of their borders; an example includes cross-border migration issues.
Allocational boundary dispute: Pertains to international boundaries, particularly in maritime contexts.

Political Forces

Centripetal forces: Factors that promote unity and movement toward a central point.
Centrifugal forces: Elements that drive division and movement away from a center.

Key Political Entities

United Nations: Formed in 1945, consisting of independent states to promote international security.
State: A defined national or government territory.
Nation: A large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language.
Nation-state: A sovereign state with a homogeneous population in terms of language or descent.
Stateless nation: Ethnic groups without majority status in any nation-state.
Multinational state: A sovereign state with two or more nations.

Types of Boundaries

Geometric-political boundaries: Straight-line boundaries not influenced by physical or cultural distinctions; example is the US-Canada border.
Physical-political boundary: Boundaries based on geographical features that define political entity territories.

Political Concepts

Devolution: The transfer of power to lower governmental levels.
Sovereignty: The full right and power of a governing body over itself.
Colonization: The process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

Government Systems

Federal: Pertaining to a system of government with multiple levels of authority.
Unitary: Characterized by a single, unified governmental structure.

Geopolitical Terms

Buffer state: A small neutral country situated between two larger, hostile nations to prevent conflict.
Territoriality: The concept regarding land and sea ownership.
Gerrymandering: Manipulating boundaries of voting districts for political advantage.

Historical Agreements

Peace of Westphalia: A series of treaties signed from May to October 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War.

Political Geography Studies

Electoral geography: Analyzes election methods, behavior, and results concerning geographical areas.
Terrorism: The use of violence for political aims.

Organizational Structures

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance.
Sanctions: Penalties imposed for non-compliance with laws.
Unification: The act of combining or forming a whole.
International organization: A coalition of nations or states working for mutual interests.
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, formed in 1961 for oil policy management.
Supranational organization: An alliance where member states transcend national interests for collective decision-making.

Governance Types

Democracy: A system where all eligible members participate in government, typically through elected representatives.

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Description

Test your understanding of boundary disputes in AP Human Geography with these flashcards. Learn about the four types of disputes: definitional, locational, allocational, and operational, along with their definitions and examples. Perfect for APHG students preparing for exams.