A&P Exam Review: Chapter 3 - Cells

A larger, more complex cell with specialized organelles, found in multicellular organisms.

A smaller, simpler cell lacking many organelles, found in single-celled organisms.

The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds a cell, controlling what enters and exits.

The ability of a membrane to allow only certain substances to pass through.

The movement of substances from high to low concentration without energy.

The movement of substances from low to high concentration using energy (ATP).

Water-fearing; not dissolving in water (e.g., lipids).

Water-loving; dissolving in water (e.g., ions, polar substances).

Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities; forms glands

Connects, supports, and transports in the body; diverse types

Contracts to produce movement, three types: cardiac, smooth, skeletal

Conducts electrical impulses for communication; forms brain, spinal cord, nerves

Epidermis (outer; dead cells), Dermis (inner; vessels, nerves), and Hypodermis (adipose tissue)

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Mechanism that reduces a stimulus; like a thermostat

Mechanism that increases a stimulus, such as childbirth

Provides support, movement, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell production.

Dense bone tissue that is found in the shafts of long bones.

Bone tissue with cavities like a sponge, found inside the ends of long bones.

A bone cell.

The part of the skeleton that forms the head, neck, and trunk.

A freely movable joint.

Soft spots in a baby's skull that allow for the head to compress during childbirth and brain growth.

Muscles that work together in pairs, where one contracts while the other relaxes, allowing for movement.

Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

A chemical signal released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream, affecting target cells.

A cell that responds to a specific hormone because it contains receptors for that hormone.

The master endocrine gland located at the base of the brain.

A condition where the body produces insulin, but cells don't respond properly to it, leading to high blood sugar.

Blood transports nutrients and waste, carries gases (oxygen & CO2), distributes hormones and helps fight infection.

The liquid component of blood, containing dissolved substances like nutrients, proteins, and waste.

These cells carry oxygen throughout the body with the help of hemoglobin.

These cells are part of the immune system, fighting infection and destroying pathogens.

Tiny cell fragments responsible for blood clotting, essential for stopping bleeding.

A protein found in RBCs, responsible for binding and transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A condition characterized by yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes, caused by a build-up of RBC breakdown products in the liver.

Blood that has delivered oxygen to tissues and picked up carbon dioxide, traveling back to the heart and lungs.

High blood pressure, where the force of blood against artery walls is too high.

Buildup of fatty deposits inside arteries, narrowing them and reducing blood flow.

A medical imaging test using dye to visualize blood vessels, particularly for detecting blockages due to atherosclerosis.

A heart attack, caused by oxygen deprivation to the heart muscle, leading to tissue death.

To prevent backflow of blood within the heart and blood vessels, ensuring one-way flow.

Removes excess fluid from tissues and helps transport immune cells and substances to fight infections.

A type of immune cell that engulfs and destroys harmful microbes and cellular debris.

An organ responsible for training and maturing immune cells, especially during childhood.

A foreign microorganism, like bacteria or viruses, capable of causing disease.

The body's first line of defense against pathogens, including skin, mucous membranes, and stomach acid.

A localized response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Produce antibodies to fight infections, a type of antibody-mediated immune response.

Attack infected cells directly, involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Injecting weakened or inactive pathogens to trigger an immune response, building immunity and memory against future infections.