Questions and Answers
What were witches suspected of doing?
Engaging in sexual activities with the devil.
What was the Thirty Years War?
A series of European wars from 1618 to 1648, partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict.
What initiated the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years War?
The throwing of Ferdinand out of the window.
What did the Edict of Restitution prohibit?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was King Christian IV?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the outcome of the Peace of Westphalia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is absolutism?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was Bishop Jacques Bossuet?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of Louis XIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the Edict of Fontainebleau do?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the purpose of the Test Act of 1673?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was James II?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Glorious Revolution?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary focus of Mannerism in art?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was El Greco?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these artists were prominent during the Baroque period? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
What did John Locke believe regarding humans and government?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Witches
- Predominantly older women accused of practicing witchcraft and engaging in sexual activities with the devil.
- Rejected as sinister figures who allegedly gathered for sexual orgies and swore allegiance to the devil.
Thirty Years War
- Lasted from 1618 to 1648, resulting in widespread Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire.
- Ended with the Peace of Westphalia, marking a significant conflict between Catholic and Protestant powers, mainly involving France and the Habsburgs.
Bohemian Phase
- First phase of the Thirty Years War (1618-1620), initiated by the Defenestration of Prague, where Ferdinand II’s delegates were thrown out the window.
- Central conflict was between Ferdinand II and Frederick V.
Danish Phase
- Second phase (1625-1629) in North Germany, with King Christian IV intervening to support Protestant factions.
Edict of Restitution
- Enacted by Ferdinand II, this edict prohibited Calvinist worship and restored confiscated properties to the Catholic Church.
King Christian IV
- Lutheran King of Denmark actively involved in the Thirty Years War, seeking to support Protestant allies.
Swedish Phase
- Third phase (1630-1645) of the Thirty Years War, characterized by military engagements between Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and Ferdinand II’s forces.
Franco-Swedish Phase
- Fourth phase (1635-1648) that saw alliances between Protestant Sweden and Catholic France against the Catholic Habsburgs.
- Culminated in the Treaty of Westphalia, allowing states to determine their own religion.
Gustavus Adolphus
- King of Sweden who enhanced Sweden's status as a Baltic power through military innovations and leadership during the Thirty Years War.
Peace of Westphalia
- Concluded the Thirty Years War in 1648, permitting German states to establish their own religions, thus shifting the religious landscape of Europe.
Conscript Standing Armies
- Introduced by Gustavus Adolphus, featuring organized troops including Musketeers, Halberdiers, Pike-men, and Cavalry, revolutionizing military structure.
Absolutism
- Form of governance where ultimate authority rests with the monarch, who rules by divine right.
Bishop Jacques Bossuet
- Prominent French bishop and theorist of political absolutism; authored "Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture."
Divine Right
- The doctrine asserting that monarchs derive their authority directly from God, making them accountable only to Him.
Cardinals Richelieu
- Chief minister to Louis XIII from 1624-1642, focused on consolidating royal power by diminishing Huguenot authority.
Cardinals Mazarin
- Succeeded Richelieu as chief minister (1642-1661); contended with noble factions during his leadership.
The Fronde
- A series of civil wars in France that ignited due to Mazarin’s fiscal policies, causing Louis XIV to embrace absolutism as a response to widespread dissent.
Louis XIV
- The "Sun King," ruled for 72 years and epitomized absolute monarchy; built the extravagant Palace of Versailles as a display of power.
Edict of Fontainebleau
- Issued in 1685, revoked the Edict of Nantes and mandated the destruction of Huguenot churches, promoting religious uniformity in France.
Versailles
- Louis XIV’s royal palace and political center, symbolizing the absolute authority and power of the monarchy.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
- Controller of general finances under Louis XIV; implemented mercantilist policies to strengthen France’s economic power and foster domestic industries.
Louis XIV's Wars
- Series of conflicts initiated to expand French territory, including the Dutch War, War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession.
First War
- Initiated in the Spanish Netherlands, involving France against the Triple Alliance; ended in French defeat but resulted in minor territorial gains.
Dutch War
- Engagement in the United Provinces; France faced coalitions including Dutch and German forces, leading to territorial acquisition.
War of the League of Augsburg
- Fought (1689-1697) against a coalition including Spain and the Holy Roman Empire; resulted in French losses.
War of the Spanish Succession
- Conflict (1702-1713) arising from succession issues in Spain, leading to France’s defeat and territorial concessions.
Peace of Utrecht
- Concluded the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, reshaping European territorial control.
Brandenburg-Prussia
- A coalition of German territories led by the Hohenzollern family, evolving into a powerful state during the seventeenth century.
Frederick William the Great Elector
- Key leader of Brandenburg-Prussia who implemented mercantilist policies to strengthen the region’s economy.
The Hohenzollerns
- Ruling family of Prussia, instrumental in forming a major European power base through strategic governance.
Treaty of Karlowitz
- 1699 treaty that established Austrian control over key territories, marking the rise of the Austrian Empire.
Russian Serfdom
- Resulted from land abundance coupled with a shortage of labor, entrenching the social hierarchy in Russian society.
Peter the Great
- Russian czar known for modernizing and reforming the Russian government by implementing ideas from Western Europe.
Saint Petersburg
- Founded by Peter the Great as a cultural and social hub, it became a significant city in European Russia.
Great Northern War
- Conflict between Russia and Sweden; resulted in Russia’s territorial expansion following the Treaty of Nystad, granting access to the Baltic Sea.
Vienna and the Ottoman Empire
- Two failed Ottoman attempts to capture Vienna highlighted the territorial ambitions and conflicts in Central Europe.
Poland's Sejm
- Bicameral legislative assembly dominated by landowners, reflecting a unique power distribution within the Polish government.
House of Orange
- Dominant political family in the Dutch Republic, known for producing multiple stadtholders and influencing the executive governance.
Amsterdam
- Financial and commercial capital of Europe during this era, pivotal for trade and economic activities.
The Stuarts
- Scottish royal family that succeeded Elizabeth I, central to various conflicts and challenges in England.
Puritans
- English Protestants within the Anglican Church advocating for reforms, particularly against hierarchical structures.
English Civil War
- Sparked by tensions between Charles I and Parliament over the Petition of Right; led to the rise of Oliver Cromwell and the establishment of the Commonwealth.
Petition of Right
- Constitutional document limiting the powers of the king, asserting that monarchs are subject to the law.
Levelers
- Political movement advocating for social reforms, including church-state separation and equality in civil rights.
Oliver Cromwell
- Leading general during the English Civil War; became a key figure in establishing the Commonwealth of England.
The Restoration
- The re-establishment of the monarchy under Charles II, restoring Parliament and Anglicanism after Cromwell's rule.
Test Act
- Legislation enacted in 1673 restricting military and civil office holding to Anglicans only.
James II
- Catholic monarch whose reign ended in controversy due to his religious policies and succession plans; replaced by William and Mary.
Glorious Revolution
- Bloodless transition of power from James II to William III and Mary II, marking a shift towards constitutional monarchy.
Thomas Hobbes
- Philosopher who conceptualized the state of nature and argued for strong central authority in "Leviathan."
John Locke
- Philosopher known for advocating natural rights and government established by the consent of the governed.
Bill of Rights
- Established parliamentary supremacy in fiscal matters; limited royal interference in governance.
Mannerism
- Artistic style characterized by emotional expression, reflecting societal uncertainties post-Renaissance.
El Greco
- Influential painter whose works featured elongated figures and unique color palettes, representative of Mannerist style.
Bernini
- Renowned Baroque artist responsible for significant architectural works, including St. Peter's Basilica.
Artemisia Gentileschi
- Celebrated Baroque painter known for her powerful depictions of women; first female member of the Academy of Design in Florence.
Baroque
- An artistic movement aligned with Catholic Church reforms, characterized by grandeur and emotional depth.
French Classicism
- Artistic and cultural approach reaffirming classical values; France emerged as a cultural leader in Europe.
Rembrandt van Rijn
- Notable painter known for his vibrant portraits and expertise in capturing light and shadow.
William Shakespeare
- Esteemed playwright of the Elizabethan era, recognized for his profound understanding of human nature and intricate character development.
Lope de Vega
- Prolific Spanish playwright whose works combined humor, charm, and an engaging narrative style.
Racine
- Playwright known for his neoclassical tragedies focusing on themes of love, honor, and conflict.
Molière
- Influential playwright benefiting from royal patronage; known for his insightful comedic portrayals of society.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards on key terms from AP European History Chapter 15. Covering essential topics such as witches and the Thirty Years War, this quiz will help reinforce your understanding of important historical concepts. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to deepen their grasp of European history.
