Questions and Answers
What is the error that results when the number of bits is not enough to hold the number?
What type of error results when the number of bits is not sufficient to represent the actual number?
What does lossy compression mean?
What does lossless compression allow?
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What is metadata?
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What is sequencing in programming?
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What does selection refer to in algorithms?
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What does iteration mean in programming?
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What is reasonable time in terms of algorithm performance?
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What is not reasonable time in algorithmic terms?
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What is a heuristic?
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What does undecidable refer to?
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What is a linear search?
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What is a binary search?
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What does API stand for?
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What is citizen science?
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What is cloud computing?
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What is crowdsourcing?
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What is Creative Commons?
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What is open access?
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What is Moore's Law?
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What are peer-to-peer networks?
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What is the digital divide?
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What does ISP stand for?
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How does internet communication arrive at its destination?
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How can the government control speech on the internet?
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How can internet posters evade conviction for defamation?
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Study Notes
Important Terms in Computer Science Principles
- Overflow: Occurs when the number of bits is insufficient to hold a number, exemplified by a car's odometer rolling over.
- Round-off: Results from limited bits causing an approximation of numbers, such as representing π as 3.14 with only three digits.
- Lossy Compression: Data compression method that discards some data, making it nearly impossible to restore the original—commonly used in JPEG images.
- Lossless Compression: Preserves all original data during compression, allowing full recovery, typically resulting in less compression efficiency compared to lossy methods, like PNG images.
- Metadata: Descriptive data about other data, such as a camera's settings stored alongside a digital photo.
Code Structures and Algorithms
- Sequencing: A coding structure where instructions are executed in order, similar to how one follows a recipe.
- Selection: Utilizes boolean conditions to choose between two paths in an algorithm, often implemented with if-then statements.
- Iteration: Involves looping constructs like while, for, or repeat-structures to execute code multiple times.
Algorithm Efficiency
- Reasonable Time: Algorithms that operate in polynomial time based on input size in the worst case, indicating manageable growth in execution steps.
- Not Reasonable Time: Characterized by exponential growth in execution steps, such as doubling steps for each additional input element.
Problem-Solving Techniques
- Heuristic: A guiding principle that aids problem-solving, e.g., navigating towards the North Star when lost.
- Undecidable Problems: Extremely complex problems without an algorithmic solution for all inputs, e.g., predicting if a program will halt for any given input.
Searching Algorithms
- Linear Search: Sequential search method where items are checked one at a time, akin to searching for a word in a dictionary.
- Binary Search: A more efficient method that requires a sorted list, repeatedly dividing the list in half to find a target value.
Internet and Computing Concepts
- APIs (Application Programming Interface): Set of rules for how software applications communicate.
- Citizen Science: Involves broad public participation in scientific research, like counting butterflies globally.
- Cloud Computing: Leveraging distributed resources for processing or storage, often used for extensive data management or web applications.
- Crowdsourcing: Gathering assistance from a large online community for tasks like funding projects or analyzing data.
- Creative Commons: Licensing alternative that allows creators to specify terms for sharing and use of their work.
- Open Access: Policy that provides unrestricted access to research and information.
Technological Trends
- Moore's Law: Observation that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to increased performance.
- Peer-to-Peer Networks: Direct connections between individual computers over the internet, bypassing centralized intermediaries.
- Digital Divide: The disparity in access to digital technologies among different communities or populations.
- ISP (Internet Service Provider): A company providing access to the internet.
Online Communication and Regulation
- Internet Communication Path: Data travels from source to ISP, through the cloud, onto another ISP, and finally to its destination.
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Government Control of Internet Speech:
- Controlling the speaker or their ISP through laws.
- Regulating listener access to certain materials, such as illegal possession of copyrighted content in the U.S.
- Exercising control over intermediaries facilitating communication.
Legal Implications of Internet Posting
- Defamation and Slander Online: Internet users can avoid conviction for slander if certain legal defenses apply, such as proving truth or lack of malicious intent.
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Test your knowledge of key concepts in AP Computer Science Principles with this Quizlet flashcard set. Learn important definitions such as 'overflow', 'round-off', and 'lossy' compression errors. Prepare effectively for your upcoming exam!