AP Computer Science Principles Exam Quizlet
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Questions and Answers

What is the error that results when the number of bits is not enough to hold the number?

  • Lossless
  • Round-off
  • Lossy
  • Overflow (correct)

    • What type of error results when the number of bits is not sufficient to represent the actual number?

  • Lossless
  • Overflow
  • Round-off (correct)
  • Lossy

    • What does lossy compression mean?

  • High fidelity
  • Preserves all data
  • Data is irretrievably lost (correct)
  • Good compression (correct)

    • What does lossless compression allow?

    <p>Full recovery of the original data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metadata?

    <p>Data about data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sequencing in programming?

    <p>Code flows line by line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selection refer to in algorithms?

    <p>A boolean condition determining the path taken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does iteration mean in programming?

    <p>Using a looping control structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reasonable time in terms of algorithm performance?

    <p>Polynomial in the number of steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not reasonable time in algorithmic terms?

    <p>Exponential in the number of steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a heuristic?

    <p>A rule to guide an algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does undecidable refer to?

    <p>A problem that cannot have a definitive yes or no answer for all inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a linear search?

    <p>Going one by one through a list</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a binary search?

    <p>Cutting the list in half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does API stand for?

    <p>Application Programming Interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is citizen science?

    <p>Lots of people helping with a scientific project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cloud computing?

    <p>Using distributed calculations/storage for big data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crowdsourcing?

    <p>Asking many users online for help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Creative Commons?

    <p>An alternative to copyright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is open access?

    <p>Read access to information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Moore's Law?

    <p>The number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peer-to-peer networks?

    <p>Direct connections between users' computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the digital divide?

    <p>Some communities have less access to computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ISP stand for?

    <p>Internet Service Provider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does internet communication arrive at its destination?

    <p>Goes from source to ISP, into the cloud, out to another ISP, and to the destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the government control speech on the internet?

    <p>By controlling the speaker, listener, or intermediaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can internet posters evade conviction for defamation?

    <p>By ensuring anonymity or lack of jurisdiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Important Terms in Computer Science Principles

    • Overflow: Occurs when the number of bits is insufficient to hold a number, exemplified by a car's odometer rolling over.
    • Round-off: Results from limited bits causing an approximation of numbers, such as representing π as 3.14 with only three digits.
    • Lossy Compression: Data compression method that discards some data, making it nearly impossible to restore the original—commonly used in JPEG images.
    • Lossless Compression: Preserves all original data during compression, allowing full recovery, typically resulting in less compression efficiency compared to lossy methods, like PNG images.
    • Metadata: Descriptive data about other data, such as a camera's settings stored alongside a digital photo.

    Code Structures and Algorithms

    • Sequencing: A coding structure where instructions are executed in order, similar to how one follows a recipe.
    • Selection: Utilizes boolean conditions to choose between two paths in an algorithm, often implemented with if-then statements.
    • Iteration: Involves looping constructs like while, for, or repeat-structures to execute code multiple times.

    Algorithm Efficiency

    • Reasonable Time: Algorithms that operate in polynomial time based on input size in the worst case, indicating manageable growth in execution steps.
    • Not Reasonable Time: Characterized by exponential growth in execution steps, such as doubling steps for each additional input element.

    Problem-Solving Techniques

    • Heuristic: A guiding principle that aids problem-solving, e.g., navigating towards the North Star when lost.
    • Undecidable Problems: Extremely complex problems without an algorithmic solution for all inputs, e.g., predicting if a program will halt for any given input.

    Searching Algorithms

    • Linear Search: Sequential search method where items are checked one at a time, akin to searching for a word in a dictionary.
    • Binary Search: A more efficient method that requires a sorted list, repeatedly dividing the list in half to find a target value.

    Internet and Computing Concepts

    • APIs (Application Programming Interface): Set of rules for how software applications communicate.
    • Citizen Science: Involves broad public participation in scientific research, like counting butterflies globally.
    • Cloud Computing: Leveraging distributed resources for processing or storage, often used for extensive data management or web applications.
    • Crowdsourcing: Gathering assistance from a large online community for tasks like funding projects or analyzing data.
    • Creative Commons: Licensing alternative that allows creators to specify terms for sharing and use of their work.
    • Open Access: Policy that provides unrestricted access to research and information.
    • Moore's Law: Observation that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to increased performance.
    • Peer-to-Peer Networks: Direct connections between individual computers over the internet, bypassing centralized intermediaries.
    • Digital Divide: The disparity in access to digital technologies among different communities or populations.
    • ISP (Internet Service Provider): A company providing access to the internet.

    Online Communication and Regulation

    • Internet Communication Path: Data travels from source to ISP, through the cloud, onto another ISP, and finally to its destination.
    • Government Control of Internet Speech:
      • Controlling the speaker or their ISP through laws.
      • Regulating listener access to certain materials, such as illegal possession of copyrighted content in the U.S.
      • Exercising control over intermediaries facilitating communication.
    • Defamation and Slander Online: Internet users can avoid conviction for slander if certain legal defenses apply, such as proving truth or lack of malicious intent.

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    Test your knowledge of key concepts in AP Computer Science Principles with this Quizlet flashcard set. Learn important definitions such as 'overflow', 'round-off', and 'lossy' compression errors. Prepare effectively for your upcoming exam!

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