A&P Chapter 23 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Where does the process of segmentation occur?

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine (correct)

Anus

How would you classify chewing food?

Digestion

Ingestion

Mechanical breakdown (correct)

Propulsion

The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is

Segmentation

Peristalsis (correct)

Swallowing

Churning

The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal body wall.

parietal peritoneum Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?

Mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

Muscularis externa Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system does not regulate digestive activity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What muscle forms the labia of the mouth?

Orbicularis oris Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the soft palate?

The soft palate rises reflexively to close off the nasopharynx when swallowing occurs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the opening to the mouth called?

Oral orifice Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inhibits salivation?

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition?

Incisors Signup and view all the answers

The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach.

Cardiac sphincter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach?

The stomach releases enzymes to digest carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth?

Ingestion Signup and view all the answers

Which mesentery helps tether the stomach to the liver?

Lesser omentum Signup and view all the answers

The mucosa collapses inward when the stomach is empty, forming large folds known as __________.

rugae Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the last segment of the small intestine.

ileum Signup and view all the answers

Blood draining from the stomach is more alkaline (basic) than blood that serves the stomach.

True Signup and view all the answers

What role of the stomach is essential to life?

Production of intrinsic factor Signup and view all the answers

In a patient suffering from a gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, the cells most likely to have been damaged first are the ___

mucous cells Signup and view all the answers

Before and during vomiting, the emetic center initiates motor responses that involve ______.

All of the listed responses are correct. Signup and view all the answers

What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?

Circular folds Signup and view all the answers

Which cell in the small intestine's mucosa is a mucus-secreting cell?

Goblet cell Signup and view all the answers

Which duct carries bile out of bile ducts in the liver?

Common hepatic duct Signup and view all the answers

Which component of bile emulsifies fats?

Bile salts Signup and view all the answers

Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?

Hepatic portal vein Signup and view all the answers

What is a major function of pancreatic juice?

Neutralizing chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of secretin from the small intestine?

Presence of acidic, fatty chyme in the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Bile is produced by the __________.

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________.

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

An obstruction by a gallstone is least likely to occur in the ______

Common hepatic duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bacterial flora that inhabit the large intestine?

Bacterial flora synthesize B-complex vitamins and some of the vitamin K needed by the liver. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine?

Defecation Signup and view all the answers

The major function of the large intestine is to __________.

absorb water Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin K.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine?

B complex and K vitamins Signup and view all the answers

The formation of diverticula involves, most significantly, the ______.

Weakening of the colon's submucosa Signup and view all the answers

An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.

Inhibits the activity of the myenteric nerve plexus Signup and view all the answers

Enzymatic breakdown of which of the following compounds doesn't begin until it reaches the stomach?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is important for breaking down protein?

Pepsin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is important for the digestion of fat?

Pancreatic lipase Signup and view all the answers

In the small intestine, which of the following enzymes breaks down maltose?

Glucoamylase Signup and view all the answers

The breakdown products of which of the following are absorbed into lacteals?

Fats Signup and view all the answers

Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation?

Fear Signup and view all the answers

HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?

Chief Signup and view all the answers

In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?

Acinar cells Signup and view all the answers

An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) secretion in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl?

Secretin Signup and view all the answers

The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following?

Bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Segmentation and Digestion

Segmentation occurs in the small intestine, facilitating the mixing and digestion of food.
Chewing food is classified as mechanical breakdown, a part of the digestion process.
Peristalsis serves as the primary means of propelling food through the digestive tract.

Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal

The parietal peritoneum is the serous membrane lining the abdominal body wall.
The mucosa layer is made up of stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium.
The muscularis externa layer is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis.

Nervous System and Digestion

The nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating digestive activity.

Oral Cavity Structures

The orbicularis oris forms the labia of the mouth.
The soft palate functions to close off the nasopharynx during swallowing.
The mouth's opening is termed the oral orifice.

Salivary Functions and Regulation

Saliva aids in dissolving food chemicals but does not contain enzymes for protein breakdown.
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system inhibits salivation.

Dental Anatomy

Incisors are the teeth best suited for cutting and nipping food.

Stomach Functions and Structure

The cardiac sphincter guards the entrance to the stomach.
Key properties of the stomach include a double-layered alkaline mucus coat and three muscular layers; however, it does not digest carbohydrates.
The stomach plays an essential role by producing intrinsic factor necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.

Intestinal Structure and Function

Circular folds in the small intestine help slow chyme movement, enhancing nutrient absorption.
Goblet cells in the intestinal mucosa secrete mucus.
The ileum is the last segment of the small intestine, where nutrient absorption primarily occurs.

Bile and Nutrient Transport

Bile is produced by the liver and carries bile salts that emulsify fats.
The hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.

Pancreatic Juice and Secretions

Pancreatic juice's major function is to neutralize chyme entering the small intestine.
Secretin is released in response to acidic fatty chyme, aiding in digestion.

Large Intestine Roles

The primary function of the large intestine includes water absorption and defecation, with significant contributions from gut bacteria synthesizing essential vitamins such as B complex and K vitamins.
Diverticula formation is associated with weakening of the colon's submucosa.

Food Breakdown and Enzymes

Protein enzymatic breakdown begins in the stomach, triggered by hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Pepsin is the key enzyme for protein digestion; pancreatic lipase is important for fat digestion.
Glucoamylase in the small intestine breaks down maltose into glucose.
Fats are absorbed into lacteals, which transport them in the lymphatic system.

Regulation of Salivation

Salivation is primarily controlled by the nervous system; fear can inhibit salivation.

Gastric Cells and Secretions

Chief cells in gastric pits produce pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl.
Acinar cells in the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes necessary for processing food after meals.

Counteracting Excess Acid

An increase in HCl in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of secretin to buffer the acidity, promoting proper digestive function.

Large Intestinal Secretions

The secretion in the large intestine comprises bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus, essential for maintaining intestinal health.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the digestive system with these flashcards from Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 23. Each card focuses on key processes such as segmentation and digestion, helping reinforce your understanding of how food is processed in the body. Perfect for quick reviews before exams!