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Questions and Answers
Where does the process of segmentation occur?
Where does the process of segmentation occur?
How would you classify chewing food?
How would you classify chewing food?
The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is
The major means of propelling food through the digestive tract is
The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal body wall.
The __________ is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal body wall.
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Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?
Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?
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Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?
Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?
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The nervous system does not regulate digestive activity.
The nervous system does not regulate digestive activity.
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What muscle forms the labia of the mouth?
What muscle forms the labia of the mouth?
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What is the function of the soft palate?
What is the function of the soft palate?
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What is the opening to the mouth called?
What is the opening to the mouth called?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?
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Which of the following inhibits salivation?
Which of the following inhibits salivation?
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Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition?
Which teeth are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food in the permanent dentition?
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The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach.
The __________ guards the entry of food into the stomach.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach?
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Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth?
Which digestive process normally occurs only in the mouth?
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Which mesentery helps tether the stomach to the liver?
Which mesentery helps tether the stomach to the liver?
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The mucosa collapses inward when the stomach is empty, forming large folds known as __________.
The mucosa collapses inward when the stomach is empty, forming large folds known as __________.
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The __________ is the last segment of the small intestine.
The __________ is the last segment of the small intestine.
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Blood draining from the stomach is more alkaline (basic) than blood that serves the stomach.
Blood draining from the stomach is more alkaline (basic) than blood that serves the stomach.
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What role of the stomach is essential to life?
What role of the stomach is essential to life?
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In a patient suffering from a gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, the cells most likely to have been damaged first are the ___
In a patient suffering from a gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, the cells most likely to have been damaged first are the ___
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Before and during vomiting, the emetic center initiates motor responses that involve ______.
Before and during vomiting, the emetic center initiates motor responses that involve ______.
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What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?
What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?
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Which cell in the small intestine's mucosa is a mucus-secreting cell?
Which cell in the small intestine's mucosa is a mucus-secreting cell?
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Which duct carries bile out of bile ducts in the liver?
Which duct carries bile out of bile ducts in the liver?
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Which component of bile emulsifies fats?
Which component of bile emulsifies fats?
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Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?
Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?
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What is a major function of pancreatic juice?
What is a major function of pancreatic juice?
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What triggers the release of secretin from the small intestine?
What triggers the release of secretin from the small intestine?
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Bile is produced by the __________.
Bile is produced by the __________.
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Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________.
Most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the __________.
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An obstruction by a gallstone is least likely to occur in the ______
An obstruction by a gallstone is least likely to occur in the ______
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What is the function of the bacterial flora that inhabit the large intestine?
What is the function of the bacterial flora that inhabit the large intestine?
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Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine?
Which of the following is the primary function of the large intestine?
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The major function of the large intestine is to __________.
The major function of the large intestine is to __________.
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Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin K.
Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin K.
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Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine?
Which vitamins are made by the bacteria in the large intestine?
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The formation of diverticula involves, most significantly, the ______.
The formation of diverticula involves, most significantly, the ______.
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An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.
An effective way to medically treat diarrhea would be to use a drug that ______.
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Enzymatic breakdown of which of the following compounds doesn't begin until it reaches the stomach?
Enzymatic breakdown of which of the following compounds doesn't begin until it reaches the stomach?
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Which of the following enzymes is important for breaking down protein?
Which of the following enzymes is important for breaking down protein?
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Which of the following enzymes is important for the digestion of fat?
Which of the following enzymes is important for the digestion of fat?
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In the small intestine, which of the following enzymes breaks down maltose?
In the small intestine, which of the following enzymes breaks down maltose?
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The breakdown products of which of the following are absorbed into lacteals?
The breakdown products of which of the following are absorbed into lacteals?
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Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation?
Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation?
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HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?
HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?
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In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?
In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?
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An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) secretion in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl?
An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) secretion in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl?
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The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following?
The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following?
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Study Notes
Segmentation and Digestion
- Segmentation occurs in the small intestine, facilitating the mixing and digestion of food.
- Chewing food is classified as mechanical breakdown, a part of the digestion process.
- Peristalsis serves as the primary means of propelling food through the digestive tract.
Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal
- The parietal peritoneum is the serous membrane lining the abdominal body wall.
- The mucosa layer is made up of stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium.
- The muscularis externa layer is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis.
Nervous System and Digestion
- The nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating digestive activity.
Oral Cavity Structures
- The orbicularis oris forms the labia of the mouth.
- The soft palate functions to close off the nasopharynx during swallowing.
- The mouth's opening is termed the oral orifice.
Salivary Functions and Regulation
- Saliva aids in dissolving food chemicals but does not contain enzymes for protein breakdown.
- The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system inhibits salivation.
Dental Anatomy
- Incisors are the teeth best suited for cutting and nipping food.
Stomach Functions and Structure
- The cardiac sphincter guards the entrance to the stomach.
- Key properties of the stomach include a double-layered alkaline mucus coat and three muscular layers; however, it does not digest carbohydrates.
- The stomach plays an essential role by producing intrinsic factor necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.
Intestinal Structure and Function
- Circular folds in the small intestine help slow chyme movement, enhancing nutrient absorption.
- Goblet cells in the intestinal mucosa secrete mucus.
- The ileum is the last segment of the small intestine, where nutrient absorption primarily occurs.
Bile and Nutrient Transport
- Bile is produced by the liver and carries bile salts that emulsify fats.
- The hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.
Pancreatic Juice and Secretions
- Pancreatic juice's major function is to neutralize chyme entering the small intestine.
- Secretin is released in response to acidic fatty chyme, aiding in digestion.
Large Intestine Roles
- The primary function of the large intestine includes water absorption and defecation, with significant contributions from gut bacteria synthesizing essential vitamins such as B complex and K vitamins.
- Diverticula formation is associated with weakening of the colon's submucosa.
Food Breakdown and Enzymes
- Protein enzymatic breakdown begins in the stomach, triggered by hydrochloric acid (HCl).
- Pepsin is the key enzyme for protein digestion; pancreatic lipase is important for fat digestion.
- Glucoamylase in the small intestine breaks down maltose into glucose.
- Fats are absorbed into lacteals, which transport them in the lymphatic system.
Regulation of Salivation
- Salivation is primarily controlled by the nervous system; fear can inhibit salivation.
Gastric Cells and Secretions
- Chief cells in gastric pits produce pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl.
- Acinar cells in the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes necessary for processing food after meals.
Counteracting Excess Acid
- An increase in HCl in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of secretin to buffer the acidity, promoting proper digestive function.
Large Intestinal Secretions
- The secretion in the large intestine comprises bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus, essential for maintaining intestinal health.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on the digestive system with these flashcards from Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 23. Each card focuses on key processes such as segmentation and digestion, helping reinforce your understanding of how food is processed in the body. Perfect for quick reviews before exams!
