A&P Chapter 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons

Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number?

Neutrons

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?

Polar covalent

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest?

<p>Covalent, ionic, hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?

<p>Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds?

<p>Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain?

<p>8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most biological molecules are built and broken down by processes involving which substances?

<p>Dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mixture that contains insoluble particles that are large enough to be visible?

<p>Suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a molecule contains only carbon and hydrogen, it is __________ __________.

<p>Non-polar covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?

<p>Valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not?

<p>No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not?

<p>Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding?

<p>Atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?

<p>Electron exchange occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?

<p>Water acts as a reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?

<p>Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?

<p>A solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?

<p>Steroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound is NOT likely to dissolve in water?

<p>Non-polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two organ systems work to maintain pH balance in the body?

<p>Urinary and Respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transport work?

<p>The pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mechanical work?

<p>Example: muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Subatomic Particles and Atomic Structure

  • Protons and neutrons are located within the nucleus of an atom.
  • Neutrons contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number.
  • An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8, consisting of 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons.

Chemical Bonds

  • Hydrogen bonds require hydrogen atoms and polar covalent bonds for formation.
  • The order of strength for chemical bonds: covalent, ionic, hydrogen.
  • Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules, distinguishing them from covalent bonds.

Effects of Hydrogen Bonds

  • Hydrogen bonds are responsible for molecular structures like curly hair and DNA's double helix.
  • Joining two hydrogen atoms to create hydrogen gas is not a result of hydrogen bonds.

Biological Molecules and Reactions

  • Most biological molecules undergo dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis involving water.
  • Molecules with only carbon and hydrogen are classified as non-polar covalent.

Chemical Reactions and Stability

  • Valence electrons are the parts of atoms that participate in forming chemical bonds.
  • Atoms of oxygen are not stable with 8 electrons due to having only 6 valence electrons, requiring 8 for stability.
  • Carbon atoms, possessing four valence electrons, are likely to react with other atoms to achieve greater stability.

Chemical Composition and Bonding

  • Atoms are the building blocks of molecules such as adipose tissue and cells; they are not formed through chemical bonding.
  • Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve the exchange of electrons.
  • Water functions as a reactant in food breakdown.

Solvent Properties of Water

  • Water dissolves salt (NaCl) due to the attraction of its partial charges to the respective sodium and chloride ions, breaking the ionic bond.
  • In plasma, proteins are solutes that act as colloids and electrolytes, often carrying a negative charge.

Types of Lipids

  • Cortisol is classified as a steroid, a type of lipid hormone.
  • Non-polar covalent compounds are unlikely to dissolve in water.

Organ Systems and Functionality

  • The urinary and respiratory systems work together to maintain pH balance in the body.
  • Transport work refers to the pumping of substances across membranes against spontaneous movement.
  • Mechanical work can be exemplified by muscle contractions.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on Chapter 2 of Anatomy and Physiology. Covering topics such as subatomic particles and atomic structure, these cards will help reinforce your understanding of essential concepts. Perfect for quick revision or study sessions!

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