AP Biology Unit 2 Review

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Questions and Answers

What do anabolic pathways do?

Consume energy to form complicated molecules from simpler ones (correct)
Are a type of endocytosis
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules
Absorb free energy

What is activation energy?

The investment of energy required to start a reaction.

What do catabolic pathways do?

Occur during photosynthesis
Absorb free energy
Require energy to form molecules
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules (correct)

What characterizes an endergonic reaction?

Absorbs free energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an exergonic reaction?

Releases energy. Signup and view all the answers

What does induced fit refer to?

A change in shape of the enzyme's active site to bind to the substrate. Signup and view all the answers

What is a desmosome?

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells functioning as anchors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypertonic solution?

Contains more solute than the cell in the solution. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

The cell will lose water and will shrivel up. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?

The cell loses water and shrivels, the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall. Signup and view all the answers

What are competitive inhibitors?

Molecules that resemble substrates and compete for the active site. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Transport and framework support inside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What do non-competitive inhibitors do?

Cause enzymes to change shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is the extracellular matrix?

Located outside the cell and used mainly for framework. Signup and view all the answers

What are glycoproteins?

Covalently bonded carbohydrates to proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

Energy transfer or transformation increases entropy. Signup and view all the answers

What are glycolipids?

Carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to the bilayer. Signup and view all the answers

What is simple diffusion?

Solutes move down their concentration gradients across the bilayer without energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

The movement of polar molecules through transport proteins without energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes?

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is cholesterol's function in the membrane?

Used as a temperature buffer and is hydrophobic. Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

The pumping of a molecule against its concentration gradient which requires energy. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?

The enzyme changes shape due to factors like pH or temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. Signup and view all the answers

What do mitochondria produce?

ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis?

A type of endocytosis involving engulfing larger substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)?

Transports and directs proteins around the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Modifies, distributes, packages, and ships proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central vacuole's purpose?

Storage. Signup and view all the answers

What are vesicles?

Sacs made of membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is endocytosis?

Cellular uptake of macromolecules by surrounding them with the plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and are generally bigger. Signup and view all the answers

What are lysosomes?

Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest substances in an animal cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the phospholipid bilayer?

Phosphate, hydrophilic heads; fatty acid, hydrophobic tails. Signup and view all the answers

What are peripheral proteins?

Loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are integral proteins?

Spans the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane?

Regulates the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolism and Energy

Anabolic pathways consume energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
Catabolic pathways release energy by degrading complex molecules into simpler forms.
Activation energy is the initial energy investment required to begin a chemical reaction.
Endergonic reactions absorb free energy, exemplified by photosynthesis.
Exergonic reactions release energy, with respiration being a prime example.

Enzyme Function and Inhibition

Induced fit refers to the alteration of the enzyme's active site to more effectively bind the substrate.
Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate and compete for the active site, which can be outmatched by increasing substrate concentration.
Non-competitive inhibitors change the enzyme's shape, affecting its activity.

Cell Structures and Functions

Desmosomes are intercellular junctions in animal cells providing anchorage.
The cytoskeleton is found inside cells and is essential for transport and maintaining cell shape.
The extracellular matrix exists outside the cell, providing structural support.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids play key roles in cell recognition through covalent bonding with carbohydrates.

Osmosis and Diffusion

Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water loss.
In a hypertonic solution, animal cells shrivel, and plant cells undergo plasmolysis, causing wilting.
Simple diffusion involves solutes moving across a membrane down their concentration gradient without energy.
Facilitated diffusion allows polar molecules to pass through transport proteins without energy.

Membrane Structure

The phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making it selectively permeable.
Integral proteins span the membrane for transport and recognition, while peripheral proteins are loosely bound to the membrane surface.

Cellular Transport Mechanisms

Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy and proteins.
Endocytosis encompasses the uptake of macromolecules through the plasma membrane forming vesicles.
Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis involving the engulfing of larger substances.

Thermodynamics and Cellular Function

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
The second law indicates that energy transformations increase entropy, or disorder, in the universe.

Organelles and Their Functions

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion within animal cells.
The endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) transports and directs proteins while the Golgi body modifies and packages them.
Central vacuoles serve as storage sites within plant cells.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

Cell Types

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by membrane-bound organelles and are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts in AP Biology with this Unit 2 Review flashcard set. From anabolic pathways to activation energy, reinforce your understanding of metabolic processes and energy transformations. Ideal for students preparing for the exam.