Questions and Answers
What do anabolic pathways do?
What is activation energy?
The investment of energy required to start a reaction.
What do catabolic pathways do?
What characterizes an endergonic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an exergonic reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What does induced fit refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a desmosome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a hypertonic solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?
Signup and view all the answers
What are competitive inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
What do non-competitive inhibitors do?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the extracellular matrix?
Signup and view all the answers
What are glycoproteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?
Signup and view all the answers
What are glycolipids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is simple diffusion?
Signup and view all the answers
What is facilitated diffusion?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of enzymes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is cholesterol's function in the membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is active transport?
Signup and view all the answers
What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Signup and view all the answers
What do mitochondria produce?
Signup and view all the answers
What is phagocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the Golgi body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the central vacuole's purpose?
Signup and view all the answers
What are vesicles?
Signup and view all the answers
What is endocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What are lysosomes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
Signup and view all the answers
What are peripheral proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What are integral proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of ribosomes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the plasma membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Metabolism and Energy
- Anabolic pathways consume energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
- Catabolic pathways release energy by degrading complex molecules into simpler forms.
- Activation energy is the initial energy investment required to begin a chemical reaction.
- Endergonic reactions absorb free energy, exemplified by photosynthesis.
- Exergonic reactions release energy, with respiration being a prime example.
Enzyme Function and Inhibition
- Induced fit refers to the alteration of the enzyme's active site to more effectively bind the substrate.
- Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate and compete for the active site, which can be outmatched by increasing substrate concentration.
- Non-competitive inhibitors change the enzyme's shape, affecting its activity.
Cell Structures and Functions
- Desmosomes are intercellular junctions in animal cells providing anchorage.
- The cytoskeleton is found inside cells and is essential for transport and maintaining cell shape.
- The extracellular matrix exists outside the cell, providing structural support.
- Glycoproteins and glycolipids play key roles in cell recognition through covalent bonding with carbohydrates.
Osmosis and Diffusion
- Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water loss.
- In a hypertonic solution, animal cells shrivel, and plant cells undergo plasmolysis, causing wilting.
- Simple diffusion involves solutes moving across a membrane down their concentration gradient without energy.
- Facilitated diffusion allows polar molecules to pass through transport proteins without energy.
Membrane Structure
- The phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making it selectively permeable.
- Integral proteins span the membrane for transport and recognition, while peripheral proteins are loosely bound to the membrane surface.
Cellular Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy and proteins.
- Endocytosis encompasses the uptake of macromolecules through the plasma membrane forming vesicles.
- Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis involving the engulfing of larger substances.
Thermodynamics and Cellular Function
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- The second law indicates that energy transformations increase entropy, or disorder, in the universe.
Organelles and Their Functions
- Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
- Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion within animal cells.
- The endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) transports and directs proteins while the Golgi body modifies and packages them.
- Central vacuoles serve as storage sites within plant cells.
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis within the cell.
Cell Types
- Eukaryotic cells are characterized by membrane-bound organelles and are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in AP Biology with this Unit 2 Review flashcard set. From anabolic pathways to activation energy, reinforce your understanding of metabolic processes and energy transformations. Ideal for students preparing for the exam.