AP Biology Unit 2 Review
38 Questions
100 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What do anabolic pathways do?

  • Consume energy to form complicated molecules from simpler ones (correct)
  • Are a type of endocytosis
  • Release energy by breaking down complex molecules
  • Absorb free energy

    • What is activation energy?

    The investment of energy required to start a reaction.

    What do catabolic pathways do?

  • Occur during photosynthesis
  • Absorb free energy
  • Require energy to form molecules
  • Release energy by breaking down complex molecules (correct)

    • What characterizes an endergonic reaction?

    <p>Absorbs free energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exergonic reaction?

    <p>Releases energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does induced fit refer to?

    <p>A change in shape of the enzyme's active site to bind to the substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desmosome?

    <p>A type of intercellular junction in animal cells functioning as anchors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Contains more solute than the cell in the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will lose water and will shrivel up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell loses water and shrivels, the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are competitive inhibitors?

    <p>Molecules that resemble substrates and compete for the active site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Transport and framework support inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do non-competitive inhibitors do?

    <p>Cause enzymes to change shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Located outside the cell and used mainly for framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are glycoproteins?

    <p>Covalently bonded carbohydrates to proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

    <p>Energy transfer or transformation increases entropy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are glycolipids?

    <p>Carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to the bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is simple diffusion?

    <p>Solutes move down their concentration gradients across the bilayer without energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is facilitated diffusion?

    <p>The movement of polar molecules through transport proteins without energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes?

    <p>Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cholesterol's function in the membrane?

    <p>Used as a temperature buffer and is hydrophobic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active transport?

    <p>The pumping of a molecule against its concentration gradient which requires energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?

    <p>The enzyme changes shape due to factors like pH or temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

    <p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mitochondria produce?

    <p>ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis?

    <p>A type of endocytosis involving engulfing larger substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)?

    <p>Transports and directs proteins around the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi body?

    <p>Modifies, distributes, packages, and ships proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central vacuole's purpose?

    <p>Storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vesicles?

    <p>Sacs made of membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is endocytosis?

    <p>Cellular uptake of macromolecules by surrounding them with the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and are generally bigger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lysosomes?

    <p>Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest substances in an animal cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phospholipid bilayer?

    <p>Phosphate, hydrophilic heads; fatty acid, hydrophobic tails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peripheral proteins?

    <p>Loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are integral proteins?

    <p>Spans the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the plasma membrane?

    <p>Regulates the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolism and Energy

    • Anabolic pathways consume energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
    • Catabolic pathways release energy by degrading complex molecules into simpler forms.
    • Activation energy is the initial energy investment required to begin a chemical reaction.
    • Endergonic reactions absorb free energy, exemplified by photosynthesis.
    • Exergonic reactions release energy, with respiration being a prime example.

    Enzyme Function and Inhibition

    • Induced fit refers to the alteration of the enzyme's active site to more effectively bind the substrate.
    • Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate and compete for the active site, which can be outmatched by increasing substrate concentration.
    • Non-competitive inhibitors change the enzyme's shape, affecting its activity.

    Cell Structures and Functions

    • Desmosomes are intercellular junctions in animal cells providing anchorage.
    • The cytoskeleton is found inside cells and is essential for transport and maintaining cell shape.
    • The extracellular matrix exists outside the cell, providing structural support.
    • Glycoproteins and glycolipids play key roles in cell recognition through covalent bonding with carbohydrates.

    Osmosis and Diffusion

    • Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water loss.
    • In a hypertonic solution, animal cells shrivel, and plant cells undergo plasmolysis, causing wilting.
    • Simple diffusion involves solutes moving across a membrane down their concentration gradient without energy.
    • Facilitated diffusion allows polar molecules to pass through transport proteins without energy.

    Membrane Structure

    • The phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making it selectively permeable.
    • Integral proteins span the membrane for transport and recognition, while peripheral proteins are loosely bound to the membrane surface.

    Cellular Transport Mechanisms

    • Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy and proteins.
    • Endocytosis encompasses the uptake of macromolecules through the plasma membrane forming vesicles.
    • Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis involving the engulfing of larger substances.

    Thermodynamics and Cellular Function

    • The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
    • The second law indicates that energy transformations increase entropy, or disorder, in the universe.

    Organelles and Their Functions

    • Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
    • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion within animal cells.
    • The endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) transports and directs proteins while the Golgi body modifies and packages them.
    • Central vacuoles serve as storage sites within plant cells.
    • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

    Cell Types

    • Eukaryotic cells are characterized by membrane-bound organelles and are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in AP Biology with this Unit 2 Review flashcard set. From anabolic pathways to activation energy, reinforce your understanding of metabolic processes and energy transformations. Ideal for students preparing for the exam.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser