AP Biology Unit 2 Review
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Questions and Answers

What do anabolic pathways do?

  • Consume energy to form complicated molecules from simpler ones (correct)
  • Are a type of endocytosis
  • Release energy by breaking down complex molecules
  • Absorb free energy

    • What is activation energy?

    The investment of energy required to start a reaction.

    What do catabolic pathways do?

  • Occur during photosynthesis
  • Absorb free energy
  • Require energy to form molecules
  • Release energy by breaking down complex molecules (correct)

    • What characterizes an endergonic reaction?

    <p>Absorbs free energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exergonic reaction?

    <p>Releases energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does induced fit refer to?

    <p>A change in shape of the enzyme's active site to bind to the substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desmosome?

    <p>A type of intercellular junction in animal cells functioning as anchors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Contains more solute than the cell in the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell will lose water and will shrivel up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>The cell loses water and shrivels, the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are competitive inhibitors?

    <p>Molecules that resemble substrates and compete for the active site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Transport and framework support inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do non-competitive inhibitors do?

    <p>Cause enzymes to change shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Located outside the cell and used mainly for framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are glycoproteins?

    <p>Covalently bonded carbohydrates to proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

    <p>Energy transfer or transformation increases entropy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are glycolipids?

    <p>Carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to the bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is simple diffusion?

    <p>Solutes move down their concentration gradients across the bilayer without energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is facilitated diffusion?

    <p>The movement of polar molecules through transport proteins without energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes?

    <p>Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cholesterol's function in the membrane?

    <p>Used as a temperature buffer and is hydrophobic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active transport?

    <p>The pumping of a molecule against its concentration gradient which requires energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when an enzyme is denatured?

    <p>The enzyme changes shape due to factors like pH or temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

    <p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mitochondria produce?

    <p>ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phagocytosis?

    <p>A type of endocytosis involving engulfing larger substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)?

    <p>Transports and directs proteins around the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi body?

    <p>Modifies, distributes, packages, and ships proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central vacuole's purpose?

    <p>Storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vesicles?

    <p>Sacs made of membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is endocytosis?

    <p>Cellular uptake of macromolecules by surrounding them with the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and are generally bigger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are lysosomes?

    <p>Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest substances in an animal cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phospholipid bilayer?

    <p>Phosphate, hydrophilic heads; fatty acid, hydrophobic tails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peripheral proteins?

    <p>Loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are integral proteins?

    <p>Spans the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the plasma membrane?

    <p>Regulates the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolism and Energy

    • Anabolic pathways consume energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
    • Catabolic pathways release energy by degrading complex molecules into simpler forms.
    • Activation energy is the initial energy investment required to begin a chemical reaction.
    • Endergonic reactions absorb free energy, exemplified by photosynthesis.
    • Exergonic reactions release energy, with respiration being a prime example.

    Enzyme Function and Inhibition

    • Induced fit refers to the alteration of the enzyme's active site to more effectively bind the substrate.
    • Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate and compete for the active site, which can be outmatched by increasing substrate concentration.
    • Non-competitive inhibitors change the enzyme's shape, affecting its activity.

    Cell Structures and Functions

    • Desmosomes are intercellular junctions in animal cells providing anchorage.
    • The cytoskeleton is found inside cells and is essential for transport and maintaining cell shape.
    • The extracellular matrix exists outside the cell, providing structural support.
    • Glycoproteins and glycolipids play key roles in cell recognition through covalent bonding with carbohydrates.

    Osmosis and Diffusion

    • Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing water loss.
    • In a hypertonic solution, animal cells shrivel, and plant cells undergo plasmolysis, causing wilting.
    • Simple diffusion involves solutes moving across a membrane down their concentration gradient without energy.
    • Facilitated diffusion allows polar molecules to pass through transport proteins without energy.

    Membrane Structure

    • The phospholipid bilayer consists of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making it selectively permeable.
    • Integral proteins span the membrane for transport and recognition, while peripheral proteins are loosely bound to the membrane surface.

    Cellular Transport Mechanisms

    • Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy and proteins.
    • Endocytosis encompasses the uptake of macromolecules through the plasma membrane forming vesicles.
    • Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis involving the engulfing of larger substances.

    Thermodynamics and Cellular Function

    • The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
    • The second law indicates that energy transformations increase entropy, or disorder, in the universe.

    Organelles and Their Functions

    • Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP production.
    • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion within animal cells.
    • The endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) transports and directs proteins while the Golgi body modifies and packages them.
    • Central vacuoles serve as storage sites within plant cells.
    • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

    Cell Types

    • Eukaryotic cells are characterized by membrane-bound organelles and are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.

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    Test your knowledge on key concepts in AP Biology with this Unit 2 Review flashcard set. From anabolic pathways to activation energy, reinforce your understanding of metabolic processes and energy transformations. Ideal for students preparing for the exam.

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