AP Biology Chapters 3-5 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What class does glycogen belong to?

Carbohydrate

What class does cholesterol belong to?

Lipid

What class does RNA belong to?

Nucleic acid

What class does collagen belong to?

<p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class does hemoglobin belong to?

<p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class does a gene belong to?

<p>Nucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class does a triacylglyceride belong to?

<p>Lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class does an enzyme belong to?

<p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class does cellulose belong to?

<p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class does chitin belong to?

<p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does polymerization mean?

<p>The process by which a bond is created by either creating or breaking apart polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that disaccharides can't differ?

<p>The number of monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a protein denatures?

<p>Its secondary and tertiary structures are disrupted (hydrogen bonds are broken)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stabilizes an alpha helix and where is it commonly found?

<p>Hydrogen bonds and fibrous proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fatty acid formula C16H32O2 is...

<p>Saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you identify if a fatty acid is saturated?

<p>CnH2nO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are beta pleated sheets characterized by?

<p>Folds stabilized by hydrogen bonds between segments of the polypeptide backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four classes of large molecules?

<p>Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three of the four classes are considered macromolecules?

<p>Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a macromolecule?

<p>A large molecule composed of smaller molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polymer?

<p>A large molecule made up of subunits that are complex in their structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monomer?

<p>A subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction connects monomers?

<p>Dehydration reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in a dehydration reaction?

<p>An H and an OH are removed to form water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction breaks apart polymers?

<p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you determine the amount of water molecules released after a dehydration reaction?

<p>Number of subunits - 1 = number of water molecules released</p> Signup and view all the answers

In this equation which side does the water molecule go? C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O21

<p>The right side</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is glucose a monomer or a polymer?

<p>A monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

<p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are most monosaccharides a multiple of?

<p>CH2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

With the new models, how are carbons usually represented?

<p>By dots or numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three examples of a disaccharide?

<p>Sucrose, maltose, and lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two monosaccharides of sucrose?

<p>Glucose and fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is sucrose found?

<p>Table sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two monosaccharides make up maltose?

<p>Two glucoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is maltose found?

<p>Malt sugar or beer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two monosaccharides make up lactose?

<p>Glucose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is lactose found?

<p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the root word -ose mean?

<p>Sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a glycosidic linkage?

<p>A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of polysaccharides?

<p>Energy storage and structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of energy storage polysaccharides?

<p>Starch (amylose) and glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of structural polysaccharides?

<p>Cellulose and chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't we digest cellulose?

<p>Enzymes that digest starch can't hydrolyze the beta linkages of cellulose because of their different shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classes of Biological Macromolecules

  • Glycogen is classified as a carbohydrate.
  • Cholesterol belongs to the lipid class.
  • RNA and genes are classified as nucleic acids.
  • Collagen and hemoglobin are proteins.
  • Triacylglycerides are lipids, while cellulose and chitin classify as carbohydrates.
  • Enzymes are also proteins.

Polymerization and Structure

  • Polymerization is the process of creating or breaking apart polymers.
  • Disaccharides differ in the number of monosaccharides.
  • Protein denaturation disrupts secondary and tertiary structures due to broken hydrogen bonds.
  • Alpha helices are stabilized by hydrogen bonds and commonly found in fibrous proteins.
  • Beta pleated sheets are characterized by folds stabilized by hydrogen bonds between polypeptide segments.

Macromolecules and Their Building Blocks

  • Four main classes of large molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Three of these classes (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) are considered macromolecules.
  • Macromolecules are large molecules consisting of smaller units.
  • Polymers are complex structures made up of subunits known as monomers.

Reactions Involving Monomers and Polymers

  • Dehydration reactions connect monomers, removing H and OH to form water.
  • Hydrolysis reactions break apart polymers.
  • The number of water molecules released in dehydration reactions equals the number of subunits minus one.
  • In the reaction involving glucose, water appears on the right side of the equation.

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

  • Glucose serves as a monomer, while the monomer of carbohydrates is monosaccharides.
  • Most monosaccharides are multiples of CH2O.
  • Disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose, each formed from specific monosaccharides.
  • Sucrose consists of glucose and fructose, commonly found in table sugar.
  • Maltose is made of two glucose units, found in malt sugar or beer.
  • Lactose consists of glucose and galactose, primarily found in milk.
  • The suffix -ose indicates a sugar.

Carbohydrate Linkages and Polysaccharides

  • Glycosidic linkages are covalent bonds between monosaccharides formed via dehydration reactions.
  • Two polysaccharide types are energy storage and structural.
  • Starch (amylose) and glycogen serve as energy storage polysaccharides.
  • Cellulose and chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides.
  • Humans cannot digest cellulose due to the inability of enzymes to hydrolyze its beta linkages, caused by structural differences.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key biological macromolecules with this set of flashcards covering chapters 3 to 5 of AP Biology. Learn about carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins through definitional questions that challenge your understanding of their classifications.

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