AP Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What does the chromosome theory of inheritance state?

Genes have specific loci along chromosomes.

Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.

Both A and B. (correct)

Neither A nor B.

What is a wild type?

The phenotype for a character most commonly observed in populations.

What is a sex-linked gene?

A gene located on either sex chromosome.

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A sex-linked disorder characterized by a progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. Signup and view all the answers

What is hemophilia?

A sex-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Barr body?

The inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object. Signup and view all the answers

What are linked genes?

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together. Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic recombination?

The production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. Signup and view all the answers

What are parental types?

Offspring which inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What are recombinant types?

Offspring with a phenotype different from each parent. Signup and view all the answers

What is crossing over?

The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic map?

An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is a linkage map?

A genetic map based on recombination frequencies. Signup and view all the answers

What are map units?

One is equal to a 1% recombination frequency. Signup and view all the answers

What are cytogenetic maps?

Locate genes with respect to chromosomal features. Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

The members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II. Signup and view all the answers

What is aneuploidy?

Chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number. Signup and view all the answers

What is monosomic?

A cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of two. Signup and view all the answers

What is trisomic?

A diploid cell with three copies of a particular chromosome instead of two. Signup and view all the answers

What is polyploidy?

The chromosomal alteration in which the organism has more than two complete chromosome sets in all somatic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is deletion?

Occurs when a chromosomal fragment is lost. Signup and view all the answers

What is duplication?

Occurs when the deleted fragment becomes attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid. Signup and view all the answers

What is inversion?

Occurs when a chromosomal fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in the reverse orientation. Signup and view all the answers

What is translocation?

Occurs when the fragment joins a non-homologous chromosome, rearranging along the chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is Down syndrome?

An aneuploid condition resulting from an extra chromosome 21. Signup and view all the answers

What is genomic imprinting?

Variation in phenotype depending on whether an allele is inherited from the male or female parent. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chromosome Theory and Genes

Chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes reside at specific locations (loci) on chromosomes, which segregate and assort independently during gamete formation.

Genetic Terminology

Wild type refers to the most commonly observed phenotype in a given population for a specific trait.
Sex-linked genes are located on sex chromosomes, influencing inheritance patterns associated with gender.

Genetic Disorders

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a sex-linked disorder marked by muscle weakness and coordination loss.
Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder characterized by the deficiency of blood clotting proteins.

Cellular Structures

Barr bodies are inactive X chromosomes in female cells, condensed and lying along the nuclear envelope.

Genetic Inheritance

Linked genes are those located on the same chromosome and typically inherited together during genetic crosses.
Genetic recombination results in offspring with allele combinations that differ from either parent.

Offspring Types

Parental types exhibit phenotypes that match one of their parents.
Recombinant types display phenotypes that differ from both parents.

Meiotic Processes

Crossing over involves the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis, increasing genetic variation.

Genetic Mapping

Genetic maps detail the ordered loci along chromosomes, while linkage maps are based on recombination frequencies.
Map units, defined as a 1% recombination frequency, serve as a measure in genetic mapping.
Cytogenetic maps locate genes in relation to chromosomal structures.

Aberrations and Variations

Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis, leading to gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers.
Aneuploidy involves presence of extra or missing chromosomes, resulting in conditions like monosomy (one copy) or trisomy (three copies).
Polyploidy refers to organisms with more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

Chromosomal Alterations

Deletion entails the loss of a chromosomal fragment.
Duplication arises when a deleted segment is added to a sister chromatid.
Inversion is the reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in the reverse orientation.
Translocation involves a chromosomal fragment joining a non-homologous chromosome, altering genetic layout.

Down Syndrome and Imprinting

Down syndrome is an aneuploid condition caused by an extra chromosome 21, resulting in 47 chromosomes total in each cell.
Genomic imprinting leads to phenotypic differences based on the parental origin of an allele.

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Test your knowledge of key concepts from AP Biology Chapter 15 with these flashcards. Topics include the chromosome theory of inheritance, wild type phenotypes, and sex-linked genes. Perfect for quick reviews and reinforcing your understanding of genetics.