AP Bio Unit 1 Review
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Questions and Answers

What is organic chemistry?

  • The study of all chemical reactions
  • The study of environments and ecosystems
  • The study of carbon compounds (correct)
  • The study of inorganic compounds

    • What is a hydrocarbon?

    An organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

    What is an isomer?

    Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures.

    What is a structural isomer?

    <p>One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a geometric isomer?

    <p>Compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of substituents around a double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an enantiomer?

    <p>One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a functional group?

    <p>Group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hydroxyl group represent?

    <p>OH, -OH, associated with alcohols like ethanol and is polar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the carbonyl group represented as?

    <p>-CO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aldehyde?

    <p>An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a ketone?

    <p>A compound where the carbonyl group is in the center of the skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carboxyl group?

    <p>COOH, an acidic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the amino group signify?

    <p>NH2, a basic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a sulfhydryl group?

    <p>SH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phosphate group?

    <p>PO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polymer?

    <p>Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monomer?

    <p>A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dehydration synthesis?

    <p>A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hydrolysis?

    <p>A chemical reaction that adds water to a macromolecule in order to break its bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are carbohydrates?

    <p>The starches and sugars present in foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monosaccharide?

    <p>A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disaccharide?

    <p>A sugar formed from two monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polysaccharide?

    <p>Large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a glycosidic linkage?

    <p>A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is starch?

    <p>A polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycogen?

    <p>An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cellulose?

    <p>A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chitin?

    <p>A complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lipid?

    <p>A macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fat?

    <p>An organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is saturated fat?

    <p>A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; tend to be solid at room temperature; found in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unsaturated fat?

    <p>A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; tend to be oily liquids at room temperature; found in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a steroid?

    <p>A type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cholesterol?

    <p>A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a protein?

    <p>A macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polypeptide?

    <p>A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an amino acid?

    <p>Organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; there are 20 common amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a peptide?

    <p>The kind of bond formed when two amino acid units are jointed end to end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Chemistry

    • Study of carbon compounds, fundamental to understanding biological processes and compounds.

    Hydrocarbons

    • Organic molecules consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, foundational for many organic compounds.

    Isomers

    • Compounds with identical chemical formulas but differing structural configurations, leading to different properties.

    Structural Isomers

    • Variants that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds among atoms.

    Geometric Isomers

    • Compounds with the same formula but distinct spatial arrangements of substituents around a double bond, impacting their chemical reactivity.

    Enantiomers

    • Pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other, significant in pharmaceuticals due to differing biological effects.

    Functional Groups

    • Specific clusters of atoms within molecules that dictate how those molecules interact with other compounds.

    Hydroxyl Group

    • Denoted as -OH; characteristic of alcohols (e.g., ethanol), polar in nature, and contributes to hydrophilicity.

    Carbonyl Group

    • Functional group represented as -CO; found in key biological molecules including sugars and fats.

    Aldehyde

    • Organic compound where the carbonyl group is positioned at the end of the carbon chain.

    Ketone

    • Compound featuring a carbonyl group situated within the carbon skeleton, typically more stable than aldehydes.

    Carboxyl Group

    • Represented as -COOH; combines hydroxyl and carbonyl, exhibiting acidic properties.

    Amino Group

    • Identified as -NH2; plays a crucial role in the formation of amino acids and acts as a base.

    Sulfhydryl Group

    • Noted as -SH; important in protein structure and function through the formation of disulfide bonds.

    Phosphate Group

    • Denoted as -PO4; essential for energy transfer in cells and structural components of DNA and RNA.

    Polymers and Monomers

    • Polymers are large compounds made from numerous monomers, which are simple units capable of bonding to form larger structures.

    Dehydration Synthesis

    • A reaction involving the covalent bonding of two molecules accompanied by the removal of a water molecule, crucial for polymer formation.

    Hydrolysis

    • Reaction that involves adding water to break down macromolecules, reversing dehydration synthesis.

    Carbohydrates

    • Includes starches and sugars, serving as primary energy sources in food.

    Monosaccharides

    • Basic sugar units, the simplest form of carbohydrates (e.g., glucose).

    Disaccharides

    • Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose).

    Polysaccharides

    • Large polymers formed from many monosaccharides; examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

    Glycosidic Linkage

    • A covalent bond that forms between two monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction.

    Starch

    • Energy storage polysaccharide found in plants, composed entirely of glucose units.

    Glycogen

    • Highly branched polysaccharide for glucose storage in animal tissues, mainly found in liver and muscles.

    Cellulose

    • Structural polysaccharide made of glucose, forms cable-like fibers providing rigidity in plant cell walls.

    Chitin

    • A complex carbohydrate that forms the cell walls of fungi and is found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.

    Lipids

    • Diverse group of macromolecules primarily made of carbon and hydrogen; includes fats, oils, and waxes.

    Fats

    • Organic compounds with a structure of glycerol attached to three fatty acids, important for energy storage.

    Saturated Fats

    • Lipids with fatty acids containing no double bonds, typically solid at room temperature, commonly found in animal products.

    Unsaturated Fats

    • Lipids containing at least one double bond in fatty acids, usually liquid at room temperature, primarily found in plant oils.

    Steroids

    • A class of lipids composed of four carbon rings, serving various biological roles including hormone function.

    Cholesterol

    • A key steroid in animal cell membranes, acts as a precursor for other important steroids and hormones.

    Proteins

    • Macromolecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, essential for growth, repair, and enzymatic functions.

    Polypeptides

    • Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which fold into functional proteins.

    Amino Acids

    • Organic compounds with an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and various side chains; 20 standard amino acids exist.

    Peptide Bonds

    • Bonds formed between amino acids through a dehydration reaction, creating polypeptides and proteins.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of organic chemistry concepts with this flashcard quiz. Covering key terms like hydrocarbons and isomers, this review will reinforce your understanding of the fundamental principles of Unit 1 in AP Biology.

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