AP Bio Unit 1 Review

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Questions and Answers

What is organic chemistry?

  • The study of all chemical reactions
  • The study of environments and ecosystems
  • The study of carbon compounds (correct)
  • The study of inorganic compounds

What is a hydrocarbon?

An organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

What is an isomer?

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures.

What is a structural isomer?

<p>One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a geometric isomer?

<p>Compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of substituents around a double bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an enantiomer?

<p>One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a functional group?

<p>Group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hydroxyl group represent?

<p>OH, -OH, associated with alcohols like ethanol and is polar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the carbonyl group represented as?

<p>-CO</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an aldehyde?

<p>An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a ketone?

<p>A compound where the carbonyl group is in the center of the skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carboxyl group?

<p>COOH, an acidic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the amino group signify?

<p>NH2, a basic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents a sulfhydryl group?

<p>SH</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phosphate group?

<p>PO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polymer?

<p>Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monomer?

<p>A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dehydration synthesis?

<p>A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis?

<p>A chemical reaction that adds water to a macromolecule in order to break its bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates?

<p>The starches and sugars present in foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monosaccharide?

<p>A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disaccharide?

<p>A sugar formed from two monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polysaccharide?

<p>Large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a glycosidic linkage?

<p>A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is starch?

<p>A polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycogen?

<p>An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cellulose?

<p>A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chitin?

<p>A complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lipid?

<p>A macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fat?

<p>An organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is saturated fat?

<p>A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; tend to be solid at room temperature; found in animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unsaturated fat?

<p>A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms; tend to be oily liquids at room temperature; found in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a steroid?

<p>A type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cholesterol?

<p>A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protein?

<p>A macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polypeptide?

<p>A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an amino acid?

<p>Organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group; there are 20 common amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptide?

<p>The kind of bond formed when two amino acid units are jointed end to end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Organic Chemistry

  • Study of carbon compounds, fundamental to understanding biological processes and compounds.

Hydrocarbons

  • Organic molecules consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, foundational for many organic compounds.

Isomers

  • Compounds with identical chemical formulas but differing structural configurations, leading to different properties.

Structural Isomers

  • Variants that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds among atoms.

Geometric Isomers

  • Compounds with the same formula but distinct spatial arrangements of substituents around a double bond, impacting their chemical reactivity.

Enantiomers

  • Pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other, significant in pharmaceuticals due to differing biological effects.

Functional Groups

  • Specific clusters of atoms within molecules that dictate how those molecules interact with other compounds.

Hydroxyl Group

  • Denoted as -OH; characteristic of alcohols (e.g., ethanol), polar in nature, and contributes to hydrophilicity.

Carbonyl Group

  • Functional group represented as -CO; found in key biological molecules including sugars and fats.

Aldehyde

  • Organic compound where the carbonyl group is positioned at the end of the carbon chain.

Ketone

  • Compound featuring a carbonyl group situated within the carbon skeleton, typically more stable than aldehydes.

Carboxyl Group

  • Represented as -COOH; combines hydroxyl and carbonyl, exhibiting acidic properties.

Amino Group

  • Identified as -NH2; plays a crucial role in the formation of amino acids and acts as a base.

Sulfhydryl Group

  • Noted as -SH; important in protein structure and function through the formation of disulfide bonds.

Phosphate Group

  • Denoted as -PO4; essential for energy transfer in cells and structural components of DNA and RNA.

Polymers and Monomers

  • Polymers are large compounds made from numerous monomers, which are simple units capable of bonding to form larger structures.

Dehydration Synthesis

  • A reaction involving the covalent bonding of two molecules accompanied by the removal of a water molecule, crucial for polymer formation.

Hydrolysis

  • Reaction that involves adding water to break down macromolecules, reversing dehydration synthesis.

Carbohydrates

  • Includes starches and sugars, serving as primary energy sources in food.

Monosaccharides

  • Basic sugar units, the simplest form of carbohydrates (e.g., glucose).

Disaccharides

  • Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., sucrose).

Polysaccharides

  • Large polymers formed from many monosaccharides; examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Glycosidic Linkage

  • A covalent bond that forms between two monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction.

Starch

  • Energy storage polysaccharide found in plants, composed entirely of glucose units.

Glycogen

  • Highly branched polysaccharide for glucose storage in animal tissues, mainly found in liver and muscles.

Cellulose

  • Structural polysaccharide made of glucose, forms cable-like fibers providing rigidity in plant cell walls.

Chitin

  • A complex carbohydrate that forms the cell walls of fungi and is found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.

Lipids

  • Diverse group of macromolecules primarily made of carbon and hydrogen; includes fats, oils, and waxes.

Fats

  • Organic compounds with a structure of glycerol attached to three fatty acids, important for energy storage.

Saturated Fats

  • Lipids with fatty acids containing no double bonds, typically solid at room temperature, commonly found in animal products.

Unsaturated Fats

  • Lipids containing at least one double bond in fatty acids, usually liquid at room temperature, primarily found in plant oils.

Steroids

  • A class of lipids composed of four carbon rings, serving various biological roles including hormone function.

Cholesterol

  • A key steroid in animal cell membranes, acts as a precursor for other important steroids and hormones.

Proteins

  • Macromolecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, essential for growth, repair, and enzymatic functions.

Polypeptides

  • Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which fold into functional proteins.

Amino Acids

  • Organic compounds with an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and various side chains; 20 standard amino acids exist.

Peptide Bonds

  • Bonds formed between amino acids through a dehydration reaction, creating polypeptides and proteins.

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