AP Bio Module 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) known as?

energy currency

What occurs when ATP is hydrolyzed?

Phosphate is removed and energy is released.

What must be the final state of energy as all energy is converted, according to the first law of thermodynamics?

Heat

Why are the phosphates in ATP considered the source of usable potential energy?

Negatively charged phosphates repel each other. Signup and view all the answers

How can there be a decrease in free energy?

Increase in temperature. Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the mitochondrion is ATP synthase located?

Inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme. Signup and view all the answers

How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

Add a catalyst. Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose during cellular respiration?

76 Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are subsequently used by the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What group(s) is (are) always necessary in any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What wavelengths of visible light are absorbed by a plant's reddish-yellow photosynthetic pigment?

Blue and violet Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if a thylakoid is punctured so that its interior is no longer separated from the stroma?

It will affect the synthesis of ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during respiration.

True Signup and view all the answers

Describe the major components of the Gibbs Free Energy equation.

DeltaG, DeltaH, T, DeltaS Signup and view all the answers

Explain how an increase in temperature can cause proteins to denature.

Increased temperature raises entropy, leading to protein unfolding and loss of function. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of covalent and ionic bonds in ATP.

Covalent bonds store energy; ionic bonds relate to electron carriers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?

Fermentation occurs without oxygen while respiration requires it. Signup and view all the answers

Where are the ATP synthase complexes located in a plant cell?

Thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

ATP and Energy Coupling

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of cells, composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups.
ATP provides energy coupling between exergonic (energy-releasing) and endergonic (energy-consuming) reactions.

ATP Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of ATP removes a phosphate group, releasing energy and inorganic phosphate.
The released inorganic phosphate can be added to other molecules, activating them for biochemical reactions.

Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
In energy reactions, some energy dissipates as heat, indicating that the final state of energy is often heat.

Phosphate Bonds

The three negatively charged phosphates in ATP repel each other, creating high-energy covalent bonds.
The repulsion between phosphates provides ATP with its usable potential energy.

Gibbs Free Energy

The Gibbs Free Energy equation determines the spontaneity of reactions, indicating that a drop in free energy leads to spontaneous reactions and increased entropy.
An increase in temperature can lower free energy in a system.

Enzyme Role

Enzymes accelerate reactions, making them faster compared to the same reactions without enzymes.
Catalysts can be added to increase the rate of chemical reactions.

Cellular Respiration and Energy Production

Complete oxidation of two glucose molecules during cellular respiration produces approximately 76 ATP molecules.
ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where ATP synthesis occurs.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The direct energy source driving ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation is the difference in H+ ion concentrations across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Fermentation vs. Cellular Respiration

NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in cellular respiration, distinguishing it from fermentation processes.

Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis produce ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the Calvin cycle.
A reddish-yellow pigment in a plant absorbs blue and violet wavelengths of visible light.

Ecosystem Function

Autotrophs are essential in every ecosystem, both terrestrial and aquatic, as primary energy producers.

Thylakoid Integrity

Damage to thylakoids that compromises their internal separation from the stroma directly impacts ATP synthesis.

Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases that energy back into usable forms.

Water Formation in Respiration

Reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during respiration, highlighting its role in cellular energy processes.

Gibbs Free Energy and Proteins

The Gibbs Free Energy equation (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS) helps explain protein denaturation due to increased temperature leading to reduced free energy availability.

Bonds in ATP

Covalent bonds in ATP store potential chemical energy, released when phosphate bonds break during cellular activities.
Ionic bonds in molecules like NADP+ and NAD+ allow these electron carriers to transfer energy within cellular respiration.

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Description

Explore essential concepts in AP Biology with this set of flashcards focused on Module 4. Learn about the significance of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in metabolism and its role in energy coupling during chemical reactions. Perfect for mastering foundational biological principles.