AP Bio Exam 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is it called when an atom gains one or more electrons?

reduced

What term describes the substance that found in the bilayer of the cell membrane?

phospholipid

What is the characteristic functional group for alcohols?

-OH

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

-COOH Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group found in amines?

-NH2 Signup and view all the answers

What are molecules that differ in arrangement of atoms around double bonds called?

structural isomers Signup and view all the answers

What do you call isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms?

geometric isomers Signup and view all the answers

What term describes left- and right-handed versions of the same molecule?

enantiomers Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group found in thiols?

-SH Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins are most enzyme proteins?

globular proteins Signup and view all the answers

What defines globular proteins?

proteins that are water soluble Signup and view all the answers

What is the site where molecules other than substrates bind in the enzyme to alter enzyme activity?

allosteric site Signup and view all the answers

What is the main constituent of an enzyme?

polypeptide Signup and view all the answers

Where does the allosteric inhibitor bind on an enzyme?

non-catalytic binding site Signup and view all the answers

Where does the raw material bind to be converted to product in an enzyme?

active site Signup and view all the answers

What is a coenzyme?

non-protein component of an enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the substrate in enzymatic reactions?

substance on which the enzyme works Signup and view all the answers

When do hydrogen bonds occur?

when partial opposite charges on molecules come close enough to attract each other Signup and view all the answers

When do covalent bonds form?

when atoms share electrons Signup and view all the answers

When do polar covalent bonds form?

when atoms pull on electrons in a molecule unequally Signup and view all the answers

When does ionic bonding occur?

between a metal and a non-metal Signup and view all the answers

What defines a polar molecule?

molecule with partial charges; mixes with water Signup and view all the answers

What defines a nonpolar molecule?

no partial charges; do not mix with water Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group associated with alcohol?

-OH Signup and view all the answers

What are carbonyl groups?

<blockquote> CO (aldehyde or ketone; polar group) </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the carboxyl group associated with carboxylic acids?

-COOH Signup and view all the answers

What is the amino group related to amines?

-NH2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the sulfhydryl group associated with thiols?

-SH Signup and view all the answers

What is the phosphate group's formula?

-OPO3^-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the active site?

Region of enzyme that binds to substrate and aids in chemical reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophilic mean?

Water soluble. Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophobic mean?

Not water soluble. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to denature a protein?

A protein loses its shape and ability to function. Signup and view all the answers

A dehydration reaction joins ___ to form polymers.

monomers. Signup and view all the answers

In hydrolysis reactions, ___ is added to split large molecules.

water. Signup and view all the answers

What are polymers made out of?

Monomers. Signup and view all the answers

What is primary protein structure?

Sequence of amino acids joined in a unique sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the secondary protein structure?

Hydrogen bonding that results in 'a' helix or 'B' pleated sheet. Signup and view all the answers

What is tertiary protein structure?

Globular shape due to interactions of R groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is quaternary protein structure?

Bringing together of polypeptide chains into one large protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of carbohydrates?

Sugars, starch, cellulose, glycogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Energy, energy storage, structure. Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of lipids?

Glycerol and fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of lipids?

Fats, oils. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lipids?

Energy, insulation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of proteins?

Hemoglobin, pepsin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteins?

Enzymes, movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases). Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Heredity, code for amino acid sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What makes up a phospholipid?

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phospholipids?

Bilayer of cell membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What are phospholipids made out of?

Head- glycerol, tail- fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how the structure of ice benefits the organisms that live in the water below? (Select all that apply)

The water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, maintaining the warmer, denser water at the lake bottom. Signup and view all the answers

How is water pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant? (Select all that apply)

As water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely reason for the difference in leaf growth (phosphorus starved was smaller than phosphorus sufficient)? (Select all that apply)

The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required nucleic acids and lipids, limiting growth. Signup and view all the answers

What must an amino acid have in order to be incorporated into a polypeptide? (Select all that apply)

The ability to form a covalent bond with both its NH2 group and its COOH group. Signup and view all the answers

Which describes a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins? (Select all that apply)

Some amino acids are hydrophobic. Signup and view all the answers

How might a mutation affect the protein structure and function? (Select all that apply)

The R-group of the new amino acid, valine, has different chemical properties than the R-group of cysteine. This will cause the protein to misfold and not function properly in the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct about a segment of DNA? (Select all that apply)

It is DNA because of the nucleotides present. Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes a structural similarity between RNA and DNA? (Select all that apply)

Both molecules contain nucleotides that form base pairs with other nucleotides, which allows each molecule to act as a template in the synthesis of other nucleic acid molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What feature of a detailed model of DNA illustrates how biological information is coded? (Select all that apply)

The linear sequence of the base pairs. Signup and view all the answers

What change would most effectively make a model DNA represent RNA? (Select all that apply)

Changing the deoxyriboses to riboses by adding −OH groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which bond could be broken to remove and replace a nucleotide in DNA? (Select all that apply)

Bonds Y and Z at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

What describes why starch and cellulose serve different functions in plants? (Select all that apply)

The differences in the assembly and organization of the monomers of these two polymers result in different chemical properties. Signup and view all the answers

What would most likely occur if cattle lost the ability to maintain a colony of microorganisms in their digestive tract? (Select all that apply)

Cattle would no longer be able to use cellulose as a primary source of glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes RNA?

Phosphate, ribose, and uracil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of dehydration synthesis?

Disaccharide. Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptide bond?

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. Signup and view all the answers

What is not water soluble?

Fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

What are three terms associated with the travel of water up the roots of plants?

Adhesion, cohesion, transpiration. Signup and view all the answers

What organic compound is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio?

Carbohydrate. Signup and view all the answers

What is not a property of carbon?

Does not create compounds that always dissolve in water. Signup and view all the answers

Chitin is modified cellulose cross-linked with which atom?

Nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

Denaturation cannot be caused by?

Transportation from one cell to another. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of losing electrons?

Oxidation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Enzymes and Protein Structure

Active site: Enzyme region where substrate binding occurs, facilitating chemical reactions.
Denature: Process where proteins lose shape and function, affecting their biological activity.
Primary structure: Unique sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Secondary structure: Coiling (alpha helix) or folding (beta pleated sheet) of polypeptides due to hydrogen bonding.
Tertiary structure: Three-dimensional globular shape formed by interactions of R groups including hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.
Quaternary structure: Assembly of multiple polypeptides into a large functional protein, e.g., hemoglobin.

Macromolecules

Monomers: Building blocks of macromolecules; types include monosaccharides (carbohydrates), amino acids (proteins), nucleotides (nucleic acids), and glycerol and fatty acids (lipids).
Carbohydrates: Provide energy, energy storage, and structural support (e.g., sugars, starch, cellulose).
Lipids: Important for energy storage and insulation, consisting mainly of fats and oils.
Proteins: Serve various functions including enzymes and movement (e.g., hemoglobin, pepsin).
Nucleic acids: Involved in heredity and encoding amino acid sequences (e.g., DNA, RNA).

Chemical Reactions

Dehydration reaction: Process of forming polymers by removing a water molecule, linking monomers together.
Hydrolysis reaction: Breaking down larger molecules by adding water to split them apart.

Properties of Water

Ice floats due to molecules being farther apart than in liquid water, insulating the water below and maintaining temperature.
Water transport in plants occurs through hydrogen bonding, pulling water up from roots as it evaporates from leaves.

Nucleotide Structure

Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogen bases, forming the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
RNA: Characterized by ribose sugar, phosphate, and uracil instead of thymine.

Structural Differences

Starch vs Cellulose: Both composed of glucose monomers but structured differently; cellulose has alternating 180-degree rotations of its glucose molecules, influencing their properties and functions.

Enzyme Function

Enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical reactions and have specific active sites for substrate binding.
Peptide bonds: Covalent bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids forming polypeptides.
Allosteric sites: Sites where non-substrate molecules bind to regulate enzyme activity and shape.

Types of Isomers

Structural isomers: Molecules differing in the arrangement of atoms around double bonds.
Geometric isomers: Molecules differing in spatial arrangement.
Enantiomers: Left- and right-handed versions of the same molecule with potential differing biological activities.

Carbon Chemistry

Carbon compounds do not always dissolve in water and can form various functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH).
Chitin: A modified form of cellulose, containing nitrogen and known for its structural roles.

Additional Concepts

Oxidation: Defined by an atom attracting electrons strongly, usually involving the gain of oxygen or loss of electrons.
Hydrogen bonds: Occur due to attraction between partial charges on polar molecules.
Covalent bonds: Form when two atoms share electrons.

Bonding and Molecular Structure

Covalent bonds between amino acids are crucial for forming peptide bonds.
Substrates: Raw materials on which enzymes act, crucial for biochemical reactions.
Non-catalytic binding sites: Where inhibitors or activators can bind to enzymes without affecting the substrate binding site.### Chemical Bonding
Atoms can form covalent bonds by sharing electrons.
Polar covalent bonds occur when atoms exert unequal attraction for the shared electrons.
Ionic bonding happens between a metal and a non-metal, resulting in the transfer of electrons.

Molecular Properties

Polar molecules have partial positive and negative charges, allowing them to mix readily with water.
Nonpolar molecules lack partial charges, resulting in their inability to mix with water.

Functional Groups

Hydroxyl Group: Characterized by the presence of -OH, commonly found in alcohols.
Carbonyl Groups: Represented by >CO, can be found in aldehydes or ketones, and are classified as polar groups.
Carboxyl Group: Noted as -COOH, found in carboxylic acids, contributing to acidic properties.
Amino Group: Identified by -NH2, present in amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia.
Sulfhydryl Group: Contains -SH, associated with thiols and plays a role in stabilizing protein structures through cross-linking.
Phosphate Group: Represented as -OPO3^-2, known for dissociating hydrogen ions (H+) and acts as an anion.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on key biological terms that are essential for the AP Biology Exam. Each card defines important concepts like active site, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, denature, and dehydration reactions. Perfect for quick review and reinforcement of vocabulary.