Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is it called when an atom gains one or more electrons?
What is it called when an atom gains one or more electrons?
reduced
What term describes the substance that found in the bilayer of the cell membrane?
What term describes the substance that found in the bilayer of the cell membrane?
phospholipid
What is the characteristic functional group for alcohols?
What is the characteristic functional group for alcohols?
-OH
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
What is the functional group found in amines?
What is the functional group found in amines?
What are molecules that differ in arrangement of atoms around double bonds called?
What are molecules that differ in arrangement of atoms around double bonds called?
What do you call isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms?
What do you call isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms?
What term describes left- and right-handed versions of the same molecule?
What term describes left- and right-handed versions of the same molecule?
What is the functional group found in thiols?
What is the functional group found in thiols?
What type of proteins are most enzyme proteins?
What type of proteins are most enzyme proteins?
What defines globular proteins?
What defines globular proteins?
What is the site where molecules other than substrates bind in the enzyme to alter enzyme activity?
What is the site where molecules other than substrates bind in the enzyme to alter enzyme activity?
What is the main constituent of an enzyme?
What is the main constituent of an enzyme?
Where does the allosteric inhibitor bind on an enzyme?
Where does the allosteric inhibitor bind on an enzyme?
Where does the raw material bind to be converted to product in an enzyme?
Where does the raw material bind to be converted to product in an enzyme?
What is a coenzyme?
What is a coenzyme?
What is the substrate in enzymatic reactions?
What is the substrate in enzymatic reactions?
When do hydrogen bonds occur?
When do hydrogen bonds occur?
When do covalent bonds form?
When do covalent bonds form?
When do polar covalent bonds form?
When do polar covalent bonds form?
When does ionic bonding occur?
When does ionic bonding occur?
What defines a polar molecule?
What defines a polar molecule?
What defines a nonpolar molecule?
What defines a nonpolar molecule?
What is the functional group associated with alcohol?
What is the functional group associated with alcohol?
What are carbonyl groups?
What are carbonyl groups?
What is the carboxyl group associated with carboxylic acids?
What is the carboxyl group associated with carboxylic acids?
What is the amino group related to amines?
What is the amino group related to amines?
What is the sulfhydryl group associated with thiols?
What is the sulfhydryl group associated with thiols?
What is the phosphate group's formula?
What is the phosphate group's formula?
What is the active site?
What is the active site?
What does hydrophilic mean?
What does hydrophilic mean?
What does hydrophobic mean?
What does hydrophobic mean?
What does it mean to denature a protein?
What does it mean to denature a protein?
A dehydration reaction joins ___ to form polymers.
A dehydration reaction joins ___ to form polymers.
In hydrolysis reactions, ___ is added to split large molecules.
In hydrolysis reactions, ___ is added to split large molecules.
What are polymers made out of?
What are polymers made out of?
What is primary protein structure?
What is primary protein structure?
What is the secondary protein structure?
What is the secondary protein structure?
What is tertiary protein structure?
What is tertiary protein structure?
What is quaternary protein structure?
What is quaternary protein structure?
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
What are examples of carbohydrates?
What are examples of carbohydrates?
What is the function of carbohydrates?
What is the function of carbohydrates?
What are the monomers of lipids?
What are the monomers of lipids?
What are examples of lipids?
What are examples of lipids?
What is the function of lipids?
What is the function of lipids?
What are the monomers of proteins?
What are the monomers of proteins?
What are examples of proteins?
What are examples of proteins?
What is the function of proteins?
What is the function of proteins?
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
What are examples of nucleic acids?
What are examples of nucleic acids?
What is the function of nucleic acids?
What is the function of nucleic acids?
What makes up a phospholipid?
What makes up a phospholipid?
What is the function of phospholipids?
What is the function of phospholipids?
What are phospholipids made out of?
What are phospholipids made out of?
Which of the following best describes how the structure of ice benefits the organisms that live in the water below? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following best describes how the structure of ice benefits the organisms that live in the water below? (Select all that apply)
How is water pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant? (Select all that apply)
How is water pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant? (Select all that apply)
What is the most likely reason for the difference in leaf growth (phosphorus starved was smaller than phosphorus sufficient)? (Select all that apply)
What is the most likely reason for the difference in leaf growth (phosphorus starved was smaller than phosphorus sufficient)? (Select all that apply)
What must an amino acid have in order to be incorporated into a polypeptide? (Select all that apply)
What must an amino acid have in order to be incorporated into a polypeptide? (Select all that apply)
Which describes a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins? (Select all that apply)
Which describes a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins? (Select all that apply)
How might a mutation affect the protein structure and function? (Select all that apply)
How might a mutation affect the protein structure and function? (Select all that apply)
Which statement is correct about a segment of DNA? (Select all that apply)
Which statement is correct about a segment of DNA? (Select all that apply)
Which best describes a structural similarity between RNA and DNA? (Select all that apply)
Which best describes a structural similarity between RNA and DNA? (Select all that apply)
What feature of a detailed model of DNA illustrates how biological information is coded? (Select all that apply)
What feature of a detailed model of DNA illustrates how biological information is coded? (Select all that apply)
What change would most effectively make a model DNA represent RNA? (Select all that apply)
What change would most effectively make a model DNA represent RNA? (Select all that apply)
Which bond could be broken to remove and replace a nucleotide in DNA? (Select all that apply)
Which bond could be broken to remove and replace a nucleotide in DNA? (Select all that apply)
What describes why starch and cellulose serve different functions in plants? (Select all that apply)
What describes why starch and cellulose serve different functions in plants? (Select all that apply)
What would most likely occur if cattle lost the ability to maintain a colony of microorganisms in their digestive tract? (Select all that apply)
What would most likely occur if cattle lost the ability to maintain a colony of microorganisms in their digestive tract? (Select all that apply)
What characterizes RNA?
What characterizes RNA?
What is the product of dehydration synthesis?
What is the product of dehydration synthesis?
What is a peptide bond?
What is a peptide bond?
What is not water soluble?
What is not water soluble?
What are three terms associated with the travel of water up the roots of plants?
What are three terms associated with the travel of water up the roots of plants?
What organic compound is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio?
What organic compound is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio?
What is not a property of carbon?
What is not a property of carbon?
Chitin is modified cellulose cross-linked with which atom?
Chitin is modified cellulose cross-linked with which atom?
Denaturation cannot be caused by?
Denaturation cannot be caused by?
What is the term for the process of losing electrons?
What is the term for the process of losing electrons?
Study Notes
Enzymes and Protein Structure
- Active site: Enzyme region where substrate binding occurs, facilitating chemical reactions.
- Denature: Process where proteins lose shape and function, affecting their biological activity.
- Primary structure: Unique sequence of amino acids in a protein.
- Secondary structure: Coiling (alpha helix) or folding (beta pleated sheet) of polypeptides due to hydrogen bonding.
- Tertiary structure: Three-dimensional globular shape formed by interactions of R groups including hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges.
- Quaternary structure: Assembly of multiple polypeptides into a large functional protein, e.g., hemoglobin.
Macromolecules
- Monomers: Building blocks of macromolecules; types include monosaccharides (carbohydrates), amino acids (proteins), nucleotides (nucleic acids), and glycerol and fatty acids (lipids).
- Carbohydrates: Provide energy, energy storage, and structural support (e.g., sugars, starch, cellulose).
- Lipids: Important for energy storage and insulation, consisting mainly of fats and oils.
- Proteins: Serve various functions including enzymes and movement (e.g., hemoglobin, pepsin).
- Nucleic acids: Involved in heredity and encoding amino acid sequences (e.g., DNA, RNA).
Chemical Reactions
- Dehydration reaction: Process of forming polymers by removing a water molecule, linking monomers together.
- Hydrolysis reaction: Breaking down larger molecules by adding water to split them apart.
Properties of Water
- Ice floats due to molecules being farther apart than in liquid water, insulating the water below and maintaining temperature.
- Water transport in plants occurs through hydrogen bonding, pulling water up from roots as it evaporates from leaves.
Nucleotide Structure
- Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogen bases, forming the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
- RNA: Characterized by ribose sugar, phosphate, and uracil instead of thymine.
Structural Differences
- Starch vs Cellulose: Both composed of glucose monomers but structured differently; cellulose has alternating 180-degree rotations of its glucose molecules, influencing their properties and functions.
Enzyme Function
- Enzymes act as catalysts in biochemical reactions and have specific active sites for substrate binding.
- Peptide bonds: Covalent bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids forming polypeptides.
- Allosteric sites: Sites where non-substrate molecules bind to regulate enzyme activity and shape.
Types of Isomers
- Structural isomers: Molecules differing in the arrangement of atoms around double bonds.
- Geometric isomers: Molecules differing in spatial arrangement.
- Enantiomers: Left- and right-handed versions of the same molecule with potential differing biological activities.
Carbon Chemistry
- Carbon compounds do not always dissolve in water and can form various functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH).
- Chitin: A modified form of cellulose, containing nitrogen and known for its structural roles.
Additional Concepts
- Oxidation: Defined by an atom attracting electrons strongly, usually involving the gain of oxygen or loss of electrons.
- Hydrogen bonds: Occur due to attraction between partial charges on polar molecules.
- Covalent bonds: Form when two atoms share electrons.
Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Covalent bonds between amino acids are crucial for forming peptide bonds.
- Substrates: Raw materials on which enzymes act, crucial for biochemical reactions.
- Non-catalytic binding sites: Where inhibitors or activators can bind to enzymes without affecting the substrate binding site.### Chemical Bonding
- Atoms can form covalent bonds by sharing electrons.
- Polar covalent bonds occur when atoms exert unequal attraction for the shared electrons.
- Ionic bonding happens between a metal and a non-metal, resulting in the transfer of electrons.
Molecular Properties
- Polar molecules have partial positive and negative charges, allowing them to mix readily with water.
- Nonpolar molecules lack partial charges, resulting in their inability to mix with water.
Functional Groups
- Hydroxyl Group: Characterized by the presence of -OH, commonly found in alcohols.
- Carbonyl Groups: Represented by >CO, can be found in aldehydes or ketones, and are classified as polar groups.
- Carboxyl Group: Noted as -COOH, found in carboxylic acids, contributing to acidic properties.
- Amino Group: Identified by -NH2, present in amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia.
- Sulfhydryl Group: Contains -SH, associated with thiols and plays a role in stabilizing protein structures through cross-linking.
- Phosphate Group: Represented as -OPO3^-2, known for dissociating hydrogen ions (H+) and acts as an anion.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards on key biological terms that are essential for the AP Biology Exam. Each card defines important concepts like active site, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, denature, and dehydration reactions. Perfect for quick review and reinforcement of vocabulary.
