Podcast
Questions and Answers
The semilunar valves remain open throughout the __________ phase of the cardiac cycle.
The semilunar valves remain open throughout the __________ phase of the cardiac cycle.
late ventricular systole
The atria remain in diastole throughout both the __________ phases of the cardiac cycle.
The atria remain in diastole throughout both the __________ phases of the cardiac cycle.
ventricular systole and early to mid ventricular diastole
Positive inotropes allow the heart to pump __________ blood with fewer heartbeats. They do this by __________ the end-systolic volume (ESV).
Positive inotropes allow the heart to pump __________ blood with fewer heartbeats. They do this by __________ the end-systolic volume (ESV).
more; decreasing
An individual with high blood pressure (hypertension) is expected to benefit from the administration of __________ inotropic drugs that __________ the heart's workload.
An individual with high blood pressure (hypertension) is expected to benefit from the administration of __________ inotropic drugs that __________ the heart's workload.
The expected effect of the drug Digoxin is to __________ ventricular contraction and __________ stroke volume.
The expected effect of the drug Digoxin is to __________ ventricular contraction and __________ stroke volume.
A first-degree block is caused by __________.
A first-degree block is caused by __________.
What is the rate of ventricular conduction best determined by on an ECG?
What is the rate of ventricular conduction best determined by on an ECG?
An ECG tracing from someone with a third-degree AV block is best described as a tracing with a __________.
An ECG tracing from someone with a third-degree AV block is best described as a tracing with a __________.
The semilunar valves close during __________.
The semilunar valves close during __________.
The atrioventricular valves open during __________.
The atrioventricular valves open during __________.
When the pressure in the ventricles becomes lower than the pressure in the atria, __________.
When the pressure in the ventricles becomes lower than the pressure in the atria, __________.
In the heart, an action potential originates in the __________.
In the heart, an action potential originates in the __________.
Which of the following is the correct sequential path of an action potential in the heart?
Which of the following is the correct sequential path of an action potential in the heart?
Action potentials pass slowly through the atrioventricular node.
Action potentials pass slowly through the atrioventricular node.
Heart sound __________ is thought to result from the transition from expansion of the empty ventricles to their sudden filling with blood.
Heart sound __________ is thought to result from the transition from expansion of the empty ventricles to their sudden filling with blood.
If a person's heart is pumping 5000 mL of blood in one minute and the heart rate is 50 beats per minute, what is the cardiac output?
If a person's heart is pumping 5000 mL of blood in one minute and the heart rate is 50 beats per minute, what is the cardiac output?
The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called __________.
The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called __________.
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that an additional stretch of the myocardium produces a significant increase in __________ on the next beat.
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that an additional stretch of the myocardium produces a significant increase in __________ on the next beat.
What is the broad flat superior top portion of the heart called?
What is the broad flat superior top portion of the heart called?
What is the double layered sac that surrounds the heart called?
What is the double layered sac that surrounds the heart called?
What are the thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries called?
What are the thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries called?
The passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles is regulated by which valves?
The passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles is regulated by which valves?
What is the ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation called?
What is the ability to rhythmically depolarize without outside stimulation called?
Which term refers to relaxation of the heart?
Which term refers to relaxation of the heart?
As a heart chamber contracts, what happens to the pressure of the fluid within it?
As a heart chamber contracts, what happens to the pressure of the fluid within it?
Flashcards
Late ventricular systole
Late ventricular systole
Semilunar valves are open during ventricular contraction.
Atrial diastole during ventricular systole
Atrial diastole during ventricular systole
Atria relax while ventricles contract.
Positive inotropes
Positive inotropes
Increase heart strength, pumping more blood with less beats.
Negative inotropes and hypertension
Negative inotropes and hypertension
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Digoxin and stroke volume
Digoxin and stroke volume
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Cardiac output calculation
Cardiac output calculation
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First-degree AV block
First-degree AV block
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Ventricular conduction rate
Ventricular conduction rate
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Third-degree AV block
Third-degree AV block
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Semilunar valves and ventricular diastole
Semilunar valves and ventricular diastole
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Atrioventricular valves and ventricular diastole
Atrioventricular valves and ventricular diastole
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Atrioventricular valve opening
Atrioventricular valve opening
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
Sinoatrial (SA) node
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Action potential propagation sequence
Action potential propagation sequence
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AV node conduction speed
AV node conduction speed
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S3 heart sound
S3 heart sound
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Cardiac reserve
Cardiac reserve
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Frank-Starling Law
Frank-Starling Law
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Heart base
Heart base
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Pericardium
Pericardium
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Ventricles
Ventricles
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Atrioventricular valves
Atrioventricular valves
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Autorhythmicity
Autorhythmicity
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Diastole
Diastole
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Hemodynamic changes
Hemodynamic changes
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Study Notes
Cardiac Cycle Phases
- Late ventricular systole features open semilunar valves during contraction of the ventricles.
- Atria remain in diastole during ventricular systole and early to mid ventricular diastole.
Inotropic Agents
- Positive inotropes enhance heart function by allowing more blood to be pumped with fewer beats, decreasing end-systolic volume.
- Negative inotropic drugs are beneficial for individuals with hypertension by decreasing the workload on the heart.
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
- Digoxin strengthens ventricular contractions and increases stroke volume.
- Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume; for example, 5000 mL/min with a heart rate of 50 bpm may not yield standard answers provided.
Electrical Conduction System
- A first-degree AV block occurs due to a delay of action potentials between the SA and AV nodes.
- The ventricular conduction rate is determined by the number of QRS complexes in a specific time frame.
ECG Patterns
- A third-degree AV block is characterized by a 2:1 ratio of P waves to QRS complexes.
Heart Valves Functionality
- Semilunar valves close during ventricular diastole, while atrioventricular valves open during this phase.
- When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure, the atrioventricular valves open.
Pacemaker Activity
- The sinoatrial node is the primary source of action potential in the heart.
- The correct sequence of action potential propagation is sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Conduction System Characteristics
- Action potentials move slowly through the atrioventricular node, allowing for proper timing of cardiac contractions.
Heart Sounds
- The S3 heart sound is associated with ventricular filling, indicating the transition from empty to filled ventricles.
Cardiac Reserve
- Cardiac reserve represents the difference between maximum and resting cardiac outputs.
Frank-Starling Law
- The Frank-Starling law states that increased myocardial stretch leads to greater contraction force in the subsequent heartbeat.
Heart Anatomy
- The base is the broad, flat superior top portion of the heart.
- The pericardium is the double-layered sac that encases the heart, while the ventricles are the thick chambers responsible for pumping blood to the arteries.
- Blood flow from the atria to ventricles is regulated by atrioventricular valves.
Cardiac Physiology Terms
- Autorhythmicity refers to the heart's ability to generate rhythmic depolarizations independently.
- Diastole is the term denoting relaxation of the heart, opposite of systole.
Hemodynamic Changes
- Pressure within a contracting heart chamber increases as the chamber contracts.
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