A&P 2 Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are examples of steroid hormones? (Select all that apply)

Aldosterone (correct)

Estrogen (correct)

Epinephrine

Cortisol (correct)

Testosterone (correct)

What are characteristics of epinephrine and norepinephrine? (Select all that apply)

They are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine (correct)

They are amines (correct)

They are lipid-soluble

They are derived from serotonin

What are some examples of protein hormones? (Select all that apply)

Growth hormone (GH) (correct)

Epinephrine

Parathyroid hormone (correct)

Insulin

What are some examples of glycoprotein hormones? (Select all that apply)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of peptide hormones? (Select all that apply)

Oxytocin (OT) Signup and view all the answers

What locally-acting chemicals are derived from arachidonic acid?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Chemicals called _______ exert their effects by altering metabolic processes.

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

In order for a hormone to act on a target cell, it must bind to a specific _______

Receptor Signup and view all the answers

What determines the hormone sensitivity of a target cell?

The presence and number of appropriate receptors Signup and view all the answers

After a long period of lower than normal hormone concentrations, the target cells might respond by ______ of the receptors.

Upregulating Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a decrease in the number of receptors on a target cell?

Downregulation Signup and view all the answers

How are steroid hormones transported to their target cells?

Bound to plasma proteins Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones? (Select all that apply)

They include steroid hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between steroid hormones and the cell membrane?

Steroid hormones can diffuse easily through the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Place in the order of sequences of events that occur as steroid hormones interact with target cells:

1 = Hormones cross the cell membrane 2 = Hormones combine with receptors 3 = Hormone-receptor complexes activate transcription of mRNA 4 = In the cytoplasm, mRNA molecules guide synthesis of proteins Signup and view all the answers

In the example of insulin binding to a cell membrane receptor, what would you consider insulin to be?

A first messenger Signup and view all the answers

What is the nonsteroid hormone considered when it activates second messenger systems in target cells?

First messenger Signup and view all the answers

When activated by a hormone, some target cells produce _______ which then induce the effects of hormone stimulation within the cell.

Second messengers Signup and view all the answers

What are the different features of signal transduction? (Select all that apply)

It involves second messengers Signup and view all the answers

An increase in the number of receptors on a target cell is called ______.

Upregulation Signup and view all the answers

Where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones usually found?

In the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) molecules are _____ messengers that may be activated by nonsteroid hormones.

Second Signup and view all the answers

A G protein acts as a link between what two chemicals?

First and second messenger Signup and view all the answers

After a nonsteroid hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane, what enzyme is activated?

Adenylate cyclase Signup and view all the answers

What do kinases attach to enzymes?

Phosphates Signup and view all the answers

What are cellular responses to second messenger activation? (Select all that apply)

Increased membrane permeability Signup and view all the answers

What inactivates cAMP, thus stopping the cellular response to the second messenger?

Phosphodiesterase Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormones Overview

Steroid hormones include sex hormones, cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogen.
Examples of protein hormones are growth hormone (GH) and parathyroid hormone.
Glycoprotein hormones include Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
Peptide hormones include oxytocin (OT) and somatostatin (SS).

Chemical Characteristics

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amines derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
Prostaglandins are locally-acting chemicals derived from arachidonic acid.

Hormone Functionality

Hormones exert effects by altering metabolic processes and enzyme activities or chemical transport.
A specific receptor is necessary for a hormone to act on its target cell.
Hormone sensitivity relies on the presence and quantity of specific receptors on target cells.

Receptor Dynamics

Upregulation of receptors occurs after prolonged lower hormone concentration.
Downregulation refers to a decrease in receptor number due to prolonged high hormone levels.

Hormone Transportation and Mechanism

Steroid hormones are transported to target cells bound to plasma proteins.
Lipid-soluble hormones, like steroids, can diffuse easily into cells and through cell membranes.
The sequence of steroid hormone interaction: cross cell membrane, combine with receptors, activate mRNA transcription, and guide protein synthesis.

Nonsteroid Hormone Mechanism

Insulin, a nonsteroid hormone, acts as a first messenger when binding to cell membrane receptors.
Nonsteroid hormones often activate second messenger systems, also acting as first messengers.
Second messengers are produced following hormone activation and induce hormonal effects within the cell.

Signal Transduction Features

Signal transduction includes the involvement of second messengers, first messengers (hormones), and receptor binding.
An increase in receptor number (upregulation) occurs after prolonged lower hormone levels, while a decrease (downregulation) follows prolonged high levels.

Receptor Locations and Messenger Activation

Receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones are typically located in the nucleus.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a crucial second messenger activated by nonsteroid hormones.
A G protein acts as a connector between the first and second messengers.

Enzymatic Activation and Cellular Responses

Adenylate cyclase is the enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP upon hormone binding.
Kinases are enzymes that attach phosphates to other enzymes, facilitating cellular activity.
Cellular responses to second messenger activation can include increased membrane permeability and metabolic pathway inhibition.
Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP, halting the cellular response to the second messenger.

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Description

This quiz focuses on steroid hormones, their examples, and the characteristics of epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as protein hormones. It is designed to help students master key concepts from Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 13. Use these flashcards to reinforce your understanding of hormonal types and their properties.