Questions and Answers
What are examples of steroid hormones? (Select all that apply)
What are characteristics of epinephrine and norepinephrine? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of protein hormones? (Select all that apply)
What are some examples of glycoprotein hormones? (Select all that apply)
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What are examples of peptide hormones? (Select all that apply)
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What locally-acting chemicals are derived from arachidonic acid?
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Chemicals called _______ exert their effects by altering metabolic processes.
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In order for a hormone to act on a target cell, it must bind to a specific _______
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What determines the hormone sensitivity of a target cell?
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After a long period of lower than normal hormone concentrations, the target cells might respond by ______ of the receptors.
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What is the term for a decrease in the number of receptors on a target cell?
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How are steroid hormones transported to their target cells?
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What are some characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones? (Select all that apply)
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What is the relationship between steroid hormones and the cell membrane?
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Place in the order of sequences of events that occur as steroid hormones interact with target cells:
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In the example of insulin binding to a cell membrane receptor, what would you consider insulin to be?
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What is the nonsteroid hormone considered when it activates second messenger systems in target cells?
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When activated by a hormone, some target cells produce _______ which then induce the effects of hormone stimulation within the cell.
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What are the different features of signal transduction? (Select all that apply)
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An increase in the number of receptors on a target cell is called ______.
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Where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones usually found?
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP) molecules are _____ messengers that may be activated by nonsteroid hormones.
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A G protein acts as a link between what two chemicals?
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After a nonsteroid hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane, what enzyme is activated?
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What do kinases attach to enzymes?
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What are cellular responses to second messenger activation? (Select all that apply)
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What inactivates cAMP, thus stopping the cellular response to the second messenger?
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Study Notes
Hormones Overview
- Steroid hormones include sex hormones, cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogen.
- Examples of protein hormones are growth hormone (GH) and parathyroid hormone.
- Glycoprotein hormones include Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
- Peptide hormones include oxytocin (OT) and somatostatin (SS).
Chemical Characteristics
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amines derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
- Prostaglandins are locally-acting chemicals derived from arachidonic acid.
Hormone Functionality
- Hormones exert effects by altering metabolic processes and enzyme activities or chemical transport.
- A specific receptor is necessary for a hormone to act on its target cell.
- Hormone sensitivity relies on the presence and quantity of specific receptors on target cells.
Receptor Dynamics
- Upregulation of receptors occurs after prolonged lower hormone concentration.
- Downregulation refers to a decrease in receptor number due to prolonged high hormone levels.
Hormone Transportation and Mechanism
- Steroid hormones are transported to target cells bound to plasma proteins.
- Lipid-soluble hormones, like steroids, can diffuse easily into cells and through cell membranes.
- The sequence of steroid hormone interaction: cross cell membrane, combine with receptors, activate mRNA transcription, and guide protein synthesis.
Nonsteroid Hormone Mechanism
- Insulin, a nonsteroid hormone, acts as a first messenger when binding to cell membrane receptors.
- Nonsteroid hormones often activate second messenger systems, also acting as first messengers.
- Second messengers are produced following hormone activation and induce hormonal effects within the cell.
Signal Transduction Features
- Signal transduction includes the involvement of second messengers, first messengers (hormones), and receptor binding.
- An increase in receptor number (upregulation) occurs after prolonged lower hormone levels, while a decrease (downregulation) follows prolonged high levels.
Receptor Locations and Messenger Activation
- Receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones are typically located in the nucleus.
- Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a crucial second messenger activated by nonsteroid hormones.
- A G protein acts as a connector between the first and second messengers.
Enzymatic Activation and Cellular Responses
- Adenylate cyclase is the enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP upon hormone binding.
- Kinases are enzymes that attach phosphates to other enzymes, facilitating cellular activity.
- Cellular responses to second messenger activation can include increased membrane permeability and metabolic pathway inhibition.
- Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP, halting the cellular response to the second messenger.
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Description
This quiz focuses on steroid hormones, their examples, and the characteristics of epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as protein hormones. It is designed to help students master key concepts from Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 13. Use these flashcards to reinforce your understanding of hormonal types and their properties.