Questions and Answers
What are the two main categories into which metabolism can be divided?
Anabolism and Catabolism
Which of the following is true about the catabolic reactions that break down glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids?
The complete catabolism of glucose requires ______ as the final electron acceptor.
oxygen
Substrate-level phosphorylation produces more ATP than oxidative phosphorylation.
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Match the following steps of aerobic respiration with their locations:
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What is the net gain in glycolysis?
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What is the reactant in glycolysis?
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Is glycolysis an aerobic process?
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What is the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis?
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What is the enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
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What is the byproduct of the Citric Cycle?
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What is the total ATP produced during aerobic respiration?
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What is the role of the Electron Transport Chain?
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What is the source of amino acids in the body?
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Study Notes
Metabolism
- Metabolism is the sum of all energy-transferring reactions in the body, divided into anabolism and catabolism.
- Anabolism requires energy input to synthesize large molecules, while catabolism releases energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules.
- Catabolism drives anabolism, providing energy sources for ATP synthesis.
Catabolism and Anabolism
- ATP is the energy currency that couples catabolism and anabolism.
- ATP can be made in two ways:
- Substrate level phosphorylation: produces less ATP, occurs in glycolysis and Krebs cycle.
- Oxidative phosphorylation: produces more ATP, occurs in mitochondria and electron transport chain.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the breakdown of nutrients to generate ATP in the presence of oxygen.
- Involves four stages:
- Glycolysis: occurs in cytoplasm, anaerobic, produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
- Formation of Acetyl CoA: occurs in mitochondria, loses carbon, produces CO2 and acetyl CoA.
- Krebs cycle: occurs in mitochondria, produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
- Electron transport chain: occurs in mitochondria, produces 36 ATP.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is the first step in glucose catabolism, occurring in the cytoplasm.
- Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
- Net energy gain in glycolysis is 2 ATP.
Formation of Acetyl CoA
- Formation of Acetyl CoA occurs in the mitochondria, producing acetyl CoA and CO2.
- Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and gaining H+.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria, producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
- The cycle involves 8 steps, with 4 CO2 produced through decarboxylation reactions.
Electron Transport Chain
- The electron transport chain occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane, producing ATP.
- Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through the transport chain, generating an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
- The electron transport chain produces 36 ATP.
ATP Synthesis
- ATP is synthesized through substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Oxidative phosphorylation produces more ATP, occurring in the electron transport chain.
Overview of Cellular Metabolism
- Cellular metabolism involves the breakdown of nutrients to generate ATP.
- The process involves glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
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Description
Learn about the two main types of metabolic reactions in the body: anabolism and catabolism. Understand how they require and release energy, and how they interact with each other.
