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Questions and Answers
What is the complication of non-rotation in midgut anomalies?
What is the complication of non-rotation in midgut anomalies?
Which condition involves the herniation of abdominal viscera through the umbilical ring?
Which condition involves the herniation of abdominal viscera through the umbilical ring?
What structure is associated with persistence of the vitellointestinal duct?
What structure is associated with persistence of the vitellointestinal duct?
What happens during the failure of normal recanalization in the intestine?
What happens during the failure of normal recanalization in the intestine?
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What supplies the derivatives of the hindgut?
What supplies the derivatives of the hindgut?
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What is the function of the urorectal septum in the cloaca?
What is the function of the urorectal septum in the cloaca?
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What is the main consequence of a subhepatic cecum anomaly?
What is the main consequence of a subhepatic cecum anomaly?
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Which part of the hindgut contributes to the superior part of the anal canal?
Which part of the hindgut contributes to the superior part of the anal canal?
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What forms the larger cranial part of the hepatic diverticulum?
What forms the larger cranial part of the hepatic diverticulum?
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Which structure does the stalk of the pars cystica diverticulum form?
Which structure does the stalk of the pars cystica diverticulum form?
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What is the most common serious anomaly of the biliary system?
What is the most common serious anomaly of the biliary system?
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Which bud of the pancreas forms most of the pancreas?
Which bud of the pancreas forms most of the pancreas?
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At what point does the liver comprise about 10% of total body weight during development?
At what point does the liver comprise about 10% of total body weight during development?
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What is the superficial inguinal ring a defect in?
What is the superficial inguinal ring a defect in?
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Which nerve supplies the cremaster muscle?
Which nerve supplies the cremaster muscle?
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What is the primary function of the peritoneal cavity?
What is the primary function of the peritoneal cavity?
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What type of viscera are completely surrounded by peritoneum?
What type of viscera are completely surrounded by peritoneum?
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Which organs are considered retroperitoneal?
Which organs are considered retroperitoneal?
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Which structure divides the peritoneal cavity into two main sacs?
Which structure divides the peritoneal cavity into two main sacs?
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What is the primary characteristic of the lesser sac?
What is the primary characteristic of the lesser sac?
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Which structure is NOT part of the peritoneal cavity's walls?
Which structure is NOT part of the peritoneal cavity's walls?
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What characterizes Barrett's Esophagus?
What characterizes Barrett's Esophagus?
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Which type of esophageal cancer is associated with Barrett's Esophagus?
Which type of esophageal cancer is associated with Barrett's Esophagus?
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What is a common symptom of esophageal cancer?
What is a common symptom of esophageal cancer?
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Which of the following is a cause of acute gastritis?
Which of the following is a cause of acute gastritis?
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What type of epithelial transformation occurs in Barrett's Esophagus?
What type of epithelial transformation occurs in Barrett's Esophagus?
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What is a potential consequence of prolonged reflux related to Barrett's Esophagus?
What is a potential consequence of prolonged reflux related to Barrett's Esophagus?
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Which factor is NOT linked to the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus?
Which factor is NOT linked to the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus?
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Which gross finding is associated with acute gastritis?
Which gross finding is associated with acute gastritis?
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What is the most common tumor of the salivary glands?
What is the most common tumor of the salivary glands?
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Which type of adenoma accounts for 5-10% of benign salivary gland tumors?
Which type of adenoma accounts for 5-10% of benign salivary gland tumors?
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Which condition is characterized by complete or incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?
Which condition is characterized by complete or incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?
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What is the primary cause of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
What is the primary cause of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
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Which type of carcinoma is described as the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands?
Which type of carcinoma is described as the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands?
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The tumor known for potential malignant transformation if ruptured during excision is:
The tumor known for potential malignant transformation if ruptured during excision is:
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What type of epithelium is predominantly found in Warthin's tumor?
What type of epithelium is predominantly found in Warthin's tumor?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
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What do parietal cells in the gastric mucosa primarily secrete?
What do parietal cells in the gastric mucosa primarily secrete?
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Which phase of gastric secretion initiates before food enters the stomach?
Which phase of gastric secretion initiates before food enters the stomach?
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Which cell type is responsible for secreting pepsinogen?
Which cell type is responsible for secreting pepsinogen?
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What is the primary component of gastric juice?
What is the primary component of gastric juice?
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Which cells in the gastric mucosa secrete mucus?
Which cells in the gastric mucosa secrete mucus?
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How much gastric juice does the stomach secrete per day?
How much gastric juice does the stomach secrete per day?
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During which phase does 2/3 of gastric secretion occur?
During which phase does 2/3 of gastric secretion occur?
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Which type of reflex is involved in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
Which type of reflex is involved in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
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Study Notes
GIT Block
- For 2nd year students
Anterior Abdominal Wall and Peritoneum
- Layers of the anterior abdominal wall include skin, superficial fascia (Camper's and Scarpa's fascia), deep fascia, muscle (external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominal, pyramidalis), fascia transversalis, and peritoneum.
- The external oblique muscle's fibers run downward, forward, and medially.
- Insertion: fleshy fibers into anterior ½ of outer lip of iliac crest, and aponeurosis to xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest, pubic tubercle, and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).
- Ligaments derived from the external oblique form the inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, and pectineal ligament.
- Contents of the rectus sheath; 2 muscles (rectus abdominis and pramidals). 4 vessels (superior epigastric artery and vein+ inferior epigastric artery and vein). 6 nerves (terminal parts of the lower 5 intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve).
Internal Oblique Muscle
- Origin: lateral ⅓ of upper surface of inguinal ligament; anterior ⅔ of intermediate line of iliac crest. Lumbar origin: from thoracolumbar fascia. Direction of fibers: upwards and medially. Insertion: lower 3 or 4 ribs and their costal cartilages by aponeurosis; attached to 7th, 8th and 9th costal cartilages, xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest and pubic tubercle.
Transverse Abdominal Muscle
- Origin: from the inner aspects of lower 6 costal cartilages; from thoracolumbar fascia; from the anterior ½ of the inner lip of iliac crest and lateral ⅓ of inguinal ligament. Direction of fibers: transversely Insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, symphysis pubis.
Rectus Abdominis muscle
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Origin: From pubic crest (lateral head)- from symphysis pubis (medial head).
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Insertion: To the 5th, 6th and 7th costal cartilages and xiphoid process.
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Note: Pyramidalis muscle runs from linea alba to pubis, sometimes found overlying the inferior end of rectus abdominis.
Rectus Sheath
- Definition: an aponeurotic sheath surrounding the rectus abdominis and pyramidals muscles, their associated nervers and vessels.
Peritoneum
- Thin, serous, continuous glistening membrane lining the abdominal/pelvic walls and clothing the abdominal/pelvic viscera.
- Potential space between two layers filled with a thin film of serous fluid.
- Intraperitoneal viscera: organs completely surrounded by peritoneum (e.g., stomach, intestines, liver, and several parts of the intestines)
- Interperitoneal viscera: viscera that are in contact with the peritoneum but are not completely surrounded by it (e.g. liver, gallbladder, ascending and descending colon, upper part of rectum, urinary bladder and uterus.)
- Retroperitoneal: located behind the peritoneum (e.g., kidneys, adrenal glands..)
The Peritoneal Cavity
- It is divided into two sacs: the greater sac, and the lesser sac/omental bursa.
- The greater sac is the larger sac.
- The lesser sac (omental bursa) lies posterior to the lesser omentum.
Epiploic Foramen
- Situated behind the lesser omentum, and stomach.
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