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Questions and Answers

What is the complication of non-rotation in midgut anomalies?

  • Right-sided colon
  • Duodenal atresia
  • Transverse colon obstruction
  • Left-sided colon (correct)

Which condition involves the herniation of abdominal viscera through the umbilical ring?

  • Omphalocele (correct)
  • Intestinal duplication
  • Umbilical hernia
  • Gastroschisis

What structure is associated with persistence of the vitellointestinal duct?

  • Gastroschisis
  • Umbilical hernia
  • Meckel's diverticulum (correct)
  • Intestinal obstruction

What happens during the failure of normal recanalization in the intestine?

<p>Intestinal duplication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What supplies the derivatives of the hindgut?

<p>Inferior mesenteric artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the urorectal septum in the cloaca?

<p>Divides the cloaca into dorsal and ventral parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of a subhepatic cecum anomaly?

<p>Cecum fails to descend (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the hindgut contributes to the superior part of the anal canal?

<p>Rectum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the larger cranial part of the hepatic diverticulum?

<p>Pars hepatica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the stalk of the pars cystica diverticulum form?

<p>Cystic duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common serious anomaly of the biliary system?

<p>Extrahepatic biliary atresia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bud of the pancreas forms most of the pancreas?

<p>Dorsal bud (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point does the liver comprise about 10% of total body weight during development?

<p>9th week (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the superficial inguinal ring a defect in?

<p>Aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the cremaster muscle?

<p>Genitofemoral nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the peritoneal cavity?

<p>To facilitate movement of abdominal organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of viscera are completely surrounded by peritoneum?

<p>Interperitoneal viscera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are considered retroperitoneal?

<p>Kidneys and ureters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure divides the peritoneal cavity into two main sacs?

<p>Epiploic foramen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the lesser sac?

<p>Situated behind the lesser omentum and stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the peritoneal cavity's walls?

<p>Transversalis fascia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Barrett's Esophagus?

<p>Presence of intestinal type goblet cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of esophageal cancer is associated with Barrett's Esophagus?

<p>Adenocarcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of esophageal cancer?

<p>Weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of acute gastritis?

<p>NSAIDs usage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial transformation occurs in Barrett's Esophagus?

<p>From squamous to glandular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of prolonged reflux related to Barrett's Esophagus?

<p>Adenocarcinoma development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT linked to the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus?

<p>Constant singing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gross finding is associated with acute gastritis?

<p>Superficial small erosions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common tumor of the salivary glands?

<p>Pleomorphic adenoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adenoma accounts for 5-10% of benign salivary gland tumors?

<p>Warthin's tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by complete or incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?

<p>Achalasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

<p>Abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carcinoma is described as the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands?

<p>Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tumor known for potential malignant transformation if ruptured during excision is:

<p>Pleomorphic adenoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium is predominantly found in Warthin's tumor?

<p>Oncocytic epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

<p>Increased appetite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do parietal cells in the gastric mucosa primarily secrete?

<p>Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of gastric secretion initiates before food enters the stomach?

<p>Cephalic phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for secreting pepsinogen?

<p>Chief (peptic) cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of gastric juice?

<p>Hydrochloric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the gastric mucosa secrete mucus?

<p>Neck cells &amp; surface epithelial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much gastric juice does the stomach secrete per day?

<p>2.5 liters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does 2/3 of gastric secretion occur?

<p>Gastric phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reflex is involved in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

<p>Both conditioned and unconditioned reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inguinal Canal Openings

The inguinal canal has two openings: the superficial inguinal ring and the deep inguinal ring. The superficial ring is a defect in the external oblique muscle, while the deep ring is an opening in the fascia transversalis.

Inguinal Canal Anatomy

Internal anatomical features of the groin region, including the superficial and deep inguinal rings and the associated connective tissue.

Cremaster Muscle

A muscle associated with the spermatic cord, responsible for supporting and regulating blood flow towards the testicles.

Peritoneum Definition

A thin, serous membrane lining the abdominal and pelvic walls and covering the abdominal and pelvic organs.

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Intraperitoneal Viscera

Organs completely surrounded by peritoneum, including the stomach, upper duodenum, small and large intestines.

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Retroperitoneal Viscera

Organs located on the posterior abdominal wall, covered by peritoneum only on their anterior surfaces.

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Greater Sac

The larger of the two main compartments of the peritoneal cavity.

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Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa)

A smaller peritoneal cavity located behind the stomach and the lesser omentum.

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Liver Development

The liver begins as a diverticulum, grows quickly, filling much of the abdominal cavity by week 5-10, and initially has equal-sized lobes before the right lobe predominates.

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Biliary Apparatus Development

The hepatic and cystic duct stalks, which initially occlude, later canalize to form the common bile duct, which connects to the duodenum.

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Pancreas Development

The pancreas develops from two buds (dorsal and ventral) originating in the foregut; the ventral bud migrates and fuses with the dorsal bud.

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Liver Anomalies

Rare, but can include variations in lobe structure; variations in hepatic duct, cystic and bile ducts are more common and can be clinically relevant

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Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia

A common serious anomaly that impedes bile flow out of the liver.

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Cecum Anomalies

Variations in the cecum's development and positioning within the abdomen.

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Midgut Rotation Anomalies

Problems with the twisting of the midgut during fetal development, leading to abnormal placements of intestines.

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Omphalocele

A birth defect where abdominal organs protrude through the umbilical cord, covered by the amniotic sac.

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Gastroschisis

A birth defect where abdominal organs protrude through a defect in the abdominal wall, directly into the amniotic cavity, lateral to the umbilicus.

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Vitellointestinal Duct Anomalies

Problems with the vitellointestinal duct, often causing structures like Meckel's diverticulum, fistula, cyst or fibrous cord.

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Intestinal Duplication

Abnormal development creating two lumina where there should be only one within the intestine.

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Cloaca Definition

In embryonic development, the dilated end of the hindgut in contact with surface ectoderm.

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Cloaca Partitioning

The division of the cloaca into the anorectal canal and the urogenital sinus by the urorectal septum during development.

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Gastric Secretion Phases

The stomach secretes gastric juice in three phases: Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal.

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Cephalic Phase (Gastric Secretion)

The first phase of gastric secretion, triggered by the sight, smell, or thought of food, or even taste.

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Gastric Phase (Gastric Secretion)

The second phase of gastric secretion that occurs when food enters the stomach.

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Intestinal Phase (Gastric Secretion)

The third phase of gastric secretion that occurs in the intestines.

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Parietal Cells

Stomach cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

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Chief Cells

Stomach cells that secrete pepsinogen, an enzyme precursor.

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Gastrin (G) Cells

Stomach cells that release gastrin, a hormone that stimulates gastric secretion.

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Gastric Juice pH

Highly acidic gastric juice with a pH of approximately 1.

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Pleomorphic Adenoma

The most common benign salivary gland tumor, often recurring after surgery, but rarely transforming into malignancy.

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Warthin Tumor

A benign cystic salivary gland tumor, often found in smokers, characterized by oncocytic epithelium and lymphoid stroma.

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Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

Most common malignant salivary gland tumor, containing mucinous and squamous components.

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Achalasia

Esophageal disorder characterized by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to functional obstruction.

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GERD

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, involves reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus.

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Dysphagia

Difficulty in swallowing.

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Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A ring of muscle preventing stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

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Esophageal Motility

The ability of the esophagus to propel food downwards.

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Barrett's Esophagus

A type of metaplasia, where the lining of the esophagus changes from squamous to glandular, similar to the lining of the small intestine. It's often linked to GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease).

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Esophageal Cancer

Cancer forming in the esophagus, often progressing with difficulty swallowing and weight loss. Two main types exist: squamous cell and adenocarcinoma.

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Adenocarcinoma

A type of esophageal cancer that is a result of Barrett's esophagus and dysplastic changes. Develops in the lower 1/3 of the esophagus.

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Acute Gastritis

An inflammation of the stomach lining that is short-lived and usually resolves on its own.

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NSAIDs and Gastritis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce protective stomach lining chemicals, increasing risk of stomach inflammation.

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Dysplasia

Abnormal changes in cells that may precede cancer development.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A type of esophageal cancer associated with smoking, alcohol, and other factors. It occurs in the upper 2/3 of the esophagus.

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GERD

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease; Stomach acid flowing back up into the esophagus, potentially causing damage.

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Study Notes

GIT Block

  • For 2nd year students

Anterior Abdominal Wall and Peritoneum

  • Layers of the anterior abdominal wall include skin, superficial fascia (Camper's and Scarpa's fascia), deep fascia, muscle (external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominal, pyramidalis), fascia transversalis, and peritoneum.
  • The external oblique muscle's fibers run downward, forward, and medially.
  • Insertion: fleshy fibers into anterior ½ of outer lip of iliac crest, and aponeurosis to xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest, pubic tubercle, and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).
  • Ligaments derived from the external oblique form the inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, and pectineal ligament.
  • Contents of the rectus sheath; 2 muscles (rectus abdominis and pramidals). 4 vessels (superior epigastric artery and vein+ inferior epigastric artery and vein). 6 nerves (terminal parts of the lower 5 intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve).

Internal Oblique Muscle

  • Origin: lateral â…“ of upper surface of inguinal ligament; anterior â…” of intermediate line of iliac crest. Lumbar origin: from thoracolumbar fascia. Direction of fibers: upwards and medially. Insertion: lower 3 or 4 ribs and their costal cartilages by aponeurosis; attached to 7th, 8th and 9th costal cartilages, xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest and pubic tubercle.

Transverse Abdominal Muscle

  • Origin: from the inner aspects of lower 6 costal cartilages; from thoracolumbar fascia; from the anterior ½ of the inner lip of iliac crest and lateral â…“ of inguinal ligament. Direction of fibers: transversely Insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, symphysis pubis.

Rectus Abdominis muscle

  • Origin: From pubic crest (lateral head)- from symphysis pubis (medial head).

  • Insertion: To the 5th, 6th and 7th costal cartilages and xiphoid process.

  • Note: Pyramidalis muscle runs from linea alba to pubis, sometimes found overlying the inferior end of rectus abdominis.

Rectus Sheath

  • Definition: an aponeurotic sheath surrounding the rectus abdominis and pyramidals muscles, their associated nervers and vessels.

Peritoneum

  • Thin, serous, continuous glistening membrane lining the abdominal/pelvic walls and clothing the abdominal/pelvic viscera.
  • Potential space between two layers filled with a thin film of serous fluid.
  • Intraperitoneal viscera: organs completely surrounded by peritoneum (e.g., stomach, intestines, liver, and several parts of the intestines)
  • Interperitoneal viscera: viscera that are in contact with the peritoneum but are not completely surrounded by it (e.g. liver, gallbladder, ascending and descending colon, upper part of rectum, urinary bladder and uterus.)
  • Retroperitoneal: located behind the peritoneum (e.g., kidneys, adrenal glands..)

The Peritoneal Cavity

  • It is divided into two sacs: the greater sac, and the lesser sac/omental bursa.
  • The greater sac is the larger sac.
  • The lesser sac (omental bursa) lies posterior to the lesser omentum.

Epiploic Foramen

  • Situated behind the lesser omentum, and stomach.

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