Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the prevalence of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in adults?
What is the prevalence of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in adults?
Which neurotransmitter dysfunction is linked to the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating OCD?
Which neurotransmitter dysfunction is linked to the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating OCD?
What behavioral model explains the development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms?
What behavioral model explains the development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms?
Which symptoms are more likely to be observed in females with OCD?
Which symptoms are more likely to be observed in females with OCD?
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What is a key etiology factor in the neurobiology of OCD related to threat detection?
What is a key etiology factor in the neurobiology of OCD related to threat detection?
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What is a core feature of anxiety that is associated with distress?
What is a core feature of anxiety that is associated with distress?
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At what age do most specific phobias typically emerge?
At what age do most specific phobias typically emerge?
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Which disorder is characterized by excessive distress when separating from caregivers?
Which disorder is characterized by excessive distress when separating from caregivers?
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In children, how might fear present behaviorally in cases of anxiety?
In children, how might fear present behaviorally in cases of anxiety?
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What is a common specifier for Social Anxiety Disorder?
What is a common specifier for Social Anxiety Disorder?
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What is a common characteristic of panic disorder?
What is a common characteristic of panic disorder?
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Which statement about selective mutism is true?
Which statement about selective mutism is true?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of separation anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of separation anxiety disorder?
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What defines a specific phobia?
What defines a specific phobia?
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What commonly happens to the content of fears as children age?
What commonly happens to the content of fears as children age?
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What is a key component in diagnosing panic attacks?
What is a key component in diagnosing panic attacks?
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Which symptom is associated with agoraphobia?
Which symptom is associated with agoraphobia?
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In adolescents, what typically peaks in relation to anxiety disorders?
In adolescents, what typically peaks in relation to anxiety disorders?
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What environmental factor is associated with increased anxiety rates?
What environmental factor is associated with increased anxiety rates?
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Which brain structure is primarily involved in the short-term responses to fear?
Which brain structure is primarily involved in the short-term responses to fear?
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What model addresses the interplay of affectivity and physiological hyperarousal in anxiety?
What model addresses the interplay of affectivity and physiological hyperarousal in anxiety?
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Which gender is reported to have a higher prevalence of social anxiety and panic symptoms?
Which gender is reported to have a higher prevalence of social anxiety and panic symptoms?
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What is a significant contributor to behavioral inhibition in children according to genetic factors?
What is a significant contributor to behavioral inhibition in children according to genetic factors?
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Which aspect is NOT a characteristic of anxiety disorders?
Which aspect is NOT a characteristic of anxiety disorders?
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What influences people's interpretation biases in relation to anxiety?
What influences people's interpretation biases in relation to anxiety?
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What is a characteristic symptom of Tourette’s Disorder?
What is a characteristic symptom of Tourette’s Disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT stated as a dysfunctional belief related to trauma?
Which of the following is NOT stated as a dysfunctional belief related to trauma?
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Which tics are included in the criteria for Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder?
Which tics are included in the criteria for Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder?
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What is the general prevalence rate for Tourette’s Disorder in the population?
What is the general prevalence rate for Tourette’s Disorder in the population?
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What type of medications are primarily used to decrease dopamine in treating tic disorders?
What type of medications are primarily used to decrease dopamine in treating tic disorders?
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What best describes the Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT)?
What best describes the Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT)?
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What is considered a common comorbidity with tic disorders?
What is considered a common comorbidity with tic disorders?
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What is the recommended intervention strategy that trains patients to be aware of their tics?
What is the recommended intervention strategy that trains patients to be aware of their tics?
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Which of the following statements about tic prevalence is accurate?
Which of the following statements about tic prevalence is accurate?
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Which area of the brain is associated with the regulation of tic disorders?
Which area of the brain is associated with the regulation of tic disorders?
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Study Notes
Anxiety & Tic Disorders (PSYC 3340)
- Anxiety disorders are diagnosed based on patient report in adults, but in children, behavioral observations are also integrated.
- Anxiety can manifest as crying, clinging to caregivers, or somatic symptoms like headaches and stomachaches in children.
- Fears are common in children but decrease with age.
- The content of fear changes with age.
- Females report more fears than males.
- Somatic symptoms are physical symptoms associated with distress, such as a stomachache when feeling anxious.
- Core features of anxiety include fear, nervousness, and avoidance.
General Criteria for Most Anxiety Disorders
- Clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.
- Not better explained by another disorder (psychological or medical) or substance use.
Specific Phobias
- Fear, anxiety about something specific.
- Immediate fear, anxiety out of proportion to actual danger, persistent for at least 6 months.
- Specifiers may include animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, or other fears (choking, vomiting, sounds, costumed characters).
- Three components: behavioral, physiological, and cognitive.
- Often emerge before age 7.
- Higher remission rates in children than adults.
- Relatively few seek treatment.
- One of the most common anxiety disorders.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Symptoms include excessive distress when separating from caregivers, worrying about something bad happening to caregivers, reluctance or refusal to go places due to fear of separation, reluctance or refusal to sleep away from home, nightmares about separation, and physical symptoms (somatic).
- Persistent for at least 4 weeks in children, and 6 months in adults.
- Can occur at any age, typically before puberty with an average onset around 7.
Selective Mutism
- Consistent failure to speak, despite speaking in other situations.
- Disturbance interferes with educational, occupational, or social functioning.
- Persists for at least 1 month.
- Not attributable to communication disorder or lack of knowledge of verbal communication.
- Rarest anxiety disorder (.03-.2%).
- Usually emerges around the time a child starts school.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
- Fear or anxiety about one or more social situations that involve evaluation/scrutiny.
- In children, this can include peer settings.
- Fears that they will be negatively evaluated.
- Social situations almost always provoke anxiety or fear.
- In children, this may be expressed behaviorally.
- Situation avoided or endured with intense distress.
- Anxiety is out of proportion to actual danger and is persistent for 6 or more months.
- Specifier: performance only.
- Tends to be more common in older children and adolescents.
Panic Disorder
- Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with four or more symptoms at a peak of minutes (sweating, shortness of breath, racing heart, chest pain, dizziness, choking or smothering, feelings of numbness, chills or hot flashes, trembling, nausea, feeling unreal detached, fear of losing control, "going crazy", or dying).
- Followed by 1 month of worry about panic attacks and maladaptive change in related behavior.
- Lower rates in children, increasing in adolescents with average onset in adults.
Agoraphobia
- Fear in 2/5 of the following situations: using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed places, standing in lines or crowds, being outside of the home alone.
- Situations almost always produce fear or anxiety.
- Actively avoided, requires another person, or endured with distress, fear is out of proportion to situation and sociocultural context, and persistent for 6 months or more.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities.
- Individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
- Associated with 3 or more symptoms: restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
- Only one (not three) symptom needed for children.
OCD
- Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both.
- Obsessions are recurrent, persistent, intrusive, unwanted, causing anxiety, and attempts to suppress the thoughts or neutralize them with some other action.
- Compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts) are driven to perform in response to an obsession or using rules that must be applied rigidly. They are aimed at preventing anxiety or some dreaded event.
- Obessions and compulsions are time-consuming (more than 1 hour a day), causing clinically significant distress or impairment.
Tic Disorders
- Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder (single or multiple motor or vocal tics; tics for at least one year, potentially waxing and waning; onset before 18).
- Tourette's disorder (multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic; tics for at least one year, potentially waxing and waning; onset before 18).
- Often comorbid with ADHD, OCD, anxiety, mood, learning disabilities, and disruptive behavior
Factors Influencing Anxiety Disorders
- Race & Ethnicity: Some evidence of increased OCD symptoms in Black adolescents and more social anxiety/panic in White females.
- Socioeconomic Status: Lower income families may have higher rates of anxiety.
- Gender: Females tend to be more affected, but consistency varies.
- Age: Anxiety symptoms are generally stable, but the content can change. GAD and social anxiety disorders commonly peak in adolescence.
Etiology (Causes)
- Neurobiology: Amygdala (short-term responses), bed nucleus of stria terminals (long-term responses), and cortical-striatal-thalamic cortical circuits/inhibition/response inhibition and planning.
- Genetics: Likely interaction between genes and environment, with F-HTT gene, low social support, and behavioral inhibition in childhood.
- Temperament: Disposition impacting behavioral and physiological responses, Positive Affectivity (low=depression), Negative Affectivity(high=anxiety), physiological hyperarousal (anxiety)
- Cognitive & Learning Influences: Selective attention, interpretation biases, and other factors that contribute to anxiety.
- Family: Temperament and attachment, parental behaviors, cultural variations (self-report vs somatic symptoms) in diagnoses.
- Trauma: Plays a role in causing anxiety.
- Dysfunctional Beliefs: Perfectionism, intolerance of uncertainty, and inflated sense of responsibility.
Treatments
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Identifying and challenging unhealthy thinking patterns, often paired with exposure therapy and relaxation techniques.
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Exposure Therapy: Gradual facing of anxiety-provoking situations to break avoidance cycles.
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Relaxation Skills: Deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and mindfulness to manage anxiety symptoms.
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Medication: Targeting specific neurotransmitter systems, like GABA, including Benzos, SSRIs, SNRIs, and MAOIs.
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Exposure Hierarchy: Structured approach for gradually exposing individuals to anxiety-provoking situations.
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): including the ACCEPTS skill.
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Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT): Addresses neurological and environmental influences.
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Habit Reversal Therapy: Teaches competing responses to address problematic behaviors.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to anxiety and tic disorders as discussed in PSYC 3340. It examines the diagnosis of anxiety disorders in both adults and children, the characteristics of specific phobias, and the general criteria used for diagnosis. Test your understanding of these psychological conditions and their implications on behavior and functioning.
