Anxiety & Tic Disorders (PSYC 3340)

<p>Contamination/cleaning symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortical-Striatal-Thalamic-Cortical circuit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Before age 7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separation Anxiety Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crying or clinging to a caregiver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Performance only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It interferes with educational or social functioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased aggression towards peers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generally decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least one month of persistent concern about attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avoiding situations due to difficulty leaving or getting help (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low socioeconomic status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amygdala (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tripartite Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Female adolescents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>F-HTT gene and low social support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low levels of physiological hyperarousal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive and learning influences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of persistent motor and vocal tics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over importance of feelings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single or multiple motor or vocal tics, but not both (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.1% - 1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atypical antipsychotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A behavioral training program to manage tics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiety disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Habit-Reversal Therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transient tics may occur in up to 20% of children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced volume of the caudate nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical symptoms that are a result of anxiety (e.g., stomachache)

Fear, nervousness, avoidance.

Fear or anxiety about a specific thing, greatly disproportionate to the actual danger.

Excessive distress when separated from caregivers.

Consistent failure to speak in social situations, despite speaking in other situations.

Anxiety about social situations where evaluation is possible.

Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks.

Clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning, not better explained by another disorder or substance use.

Types of specific phobias (animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, situational, other).

Fears that change with age, with decreasing fears as kids get older.

Fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable.

Persistent, excessive worrying about various things, lasting at least six months.

Sudden surge of intense fear along with physical symptoms, the four usually mentioned are present within minutes.

Choosing not to participate in activities or situations due to anxiety or fear.

Anxiety symptoms typically begin in adolescence and increase in frequency with age; adults usually have the highest rates.

The social and cultural environment influences fear and anxiety levels.

Part of the brain that activates in times of fear, contributing to immediate response to threat.

Brain structures and neurochemicals, affecting how people experience and respond to anxiety.

Inborn, individual disposition and behavioral pattern, related to response to the world.

Affects 1-2.3% of children and increases to 1.9-3.3% in adults. Relatively equal gender ratios, with males slightly higher in childhood, and females slightly higher in adulthood.

While overall gender ratios are relatively equal, females are more likely to have contamination/cleaning symptoms, while males are more likely to have sexual-religious or aggressive symptoms.

This includes evolutionary, biological, genetic, and neurobiological factors. Evolutionary mechanisms related to threat detection and attachment may be dysregulated. Biologically, the Cortical-Striatal-Thalamic-Cortical circuit is involved in inhibiting thoughts and actions. Genetics plays a role with a strong component and additive genetic factors, along with nonshared environmental factors and interactions. Neurobiological factors include glutamate as an excitatory neurotransmitter and serotonin dysfunction, which is why SSRIs are effective.

This involves two-factor conditioning: 1) a neutral event becomes aversive through classical conditioning, and 2) the event or stimulus is avoided to reduce anxiety.

Intrusive thoughts lead to maladaptive interpretations, resulting in excessive anxiety. The individual attempts to control the thoughts through compulsions, reinforcing the cycle.

A tic disorder characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic, present for over a year.

A tic disorder characterized by one or more motor or vocal tics, but not both, present for at least a year.

Tic disorders are more common than previously thought, with up to 20% of children experiencing transient tics. Prevalence may decrease in adolescence and adulthood.

Tic disorders have a strong genetic component and are associated with dysregulation of neural circuits involved in motor control.

Dopamine plays a role in tic disorders, and medications that decrease dopamine levels are sometimes used for treatment.

Medications for tic disorders include atypical antipsychotics, Botox injections, ADHD medications, anxiety medications, antidepressants, and antiseizure medications.

A therapy that focuses on behavioral strategies to manage tics, including increasing awareness of tics, practicing competing behaviors, and identifying triggers.

A component of CBIT that involves teaching patients to replace tic behaviors with competing responses.

Tics are neurological but influenced by the environment. Management strategies may target environmental triggers and stressors.