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Questions and Answers
Under DSM-5, separation anxiety disorder is categorized under trauma- and stressor-related disorders.
False
The ICD-10 category F93 includes emotional disorders with specific onset in childhood.
True
Generalized anxiety disorder has an equivalent designation in ICD-10.
False
Family aggregation and genetic studies suggest a lower risk of anxiety for individuals with family members who have experienced anxiety.
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Sibling relational disorder in DSM-5 is termed as sibling rivalry disorder in ICD-10.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder is categorized under obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in DSM-5.
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Childhood anxiety disorders increase the risk of later disorders in adulthood.
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Early detection and treatment of childhood anxiety disorders can exacerbate a child's developmental impairment.
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Social anxiety disorder in DSM-5 is equivalent to social phobia in ICD-10.
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Trauma- and stressor-related disorders are listed under category F93 in ICD-10.
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Exposure to adverse life events and negative information are considered environmental factors contributing to childhood anxiety disorders.
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Specific phobia is also called phobic anxiety disorder of childhood in ICD-10.
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Combination treatment with SSRIs and cognitive behavioural therapy is always less effective than cognitive behavioural therapy alone.
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Childhood anxiety disorders can be a predictor of later major depression.
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Anxiety disorders are more common in boys than in girls.
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ICD-10 categorizes obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder under anxiety disorders.
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DSM-5 includes sibling rivalry disorder under 'Relational Disorders'.
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Surveys indicate that the overall prevalence rates of anxiety disorders in children can range from 1% to 24%.
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In later adolescence, rates of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder start to decrease.
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During preschool years, children commonly have separation anxiety and fears of animals, imaginary creatures, and the dark.
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Anxiety disorders do not significantly impair children's functioning.
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Anxiety about social situations and personal adequacy becomes prominent in early adolescence.
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Study Notes
Anxiety Disorders in Childhood
- Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in childhood, affecting girls more than boys.
- Fear and anxiety play important roles in functioning and have major evolutionary significance.
Classification
- ICD-10 classifies anxiety disorders in childhood as "Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood."
- DSM-5 categorizes all childhood and adult anxiety disorders together, separating obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder into their own sections.
- ICD-10 recognizes sibling rivalry disorder, while DSM-5 classifies it under "Relational Disorders."
Prevalence
- Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders in childhood, affecting 5-10% of children.
- Phobias and separation anxiety are most common in childhood, while social anxiety becomes more prominent in adolescence.
- Individual studies have documented rates ranging from 1% to 24%.
Anxiety at Different Ages
- Infants experience a period of fear of strangers.
- During preschool years, separation anxiety and fears of animals, imaginary creatures, and the dark are common.
- Early adolescence sees these fears replaced by anxiety about social situations and personal adequacy.
- Later adolescence sees a rise in rates of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
Aetiology
- Family aggregation and genetic studies indicate a higher risk of anxiety for people who have family members that have also struggled with it.
- Environmental factors, such as adverse life events, exposure to negative information, and modeling, can also play a role.
- Parental anxiety in a child's upbringing can be a risk factor.
Prognosis
- Most affected children will be free of anxiety disorders by adulthood.
- Anxiety disorders in childhood may predict later major depression.
- Childhood anxiety disorders increase risk of later disorders in adulthood.
- Anxiety may have a greater long-term impact in females.
Management
- Early detection and treatment of childhood anxiety disorders can prevent substantial impairment.
- Family education and training in coping mechanisms can help reduce reinforcement of anxiety and avoidance.
- Treatment options include cognitive behaviour therapy, SSRIs, and combination therapy with SSRIs and cognitive behavioural therapy.
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Description
Learn about anxiety disorders in children, their classification, and their differences in boys and girls. Understand the role of fear and anxiety in functioning and their evolutionary significance.
