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What is the type of infection that ANUG is considered?
What is the type of infection that ANUG is considered?
Which of the following is NOT a local predisposing factor for ANUG?
Which of the following is NOT a local predisposing factor for ANUG?
What is the characteristic appearance of the ulcers in ANUG?
What is the characteristic appearance of the ulcers in ANUG?
What is the main goal of treatment for ANUG?
What is the main goal of treatment for ANUG?
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Which of the following is a systemic manifestation of ANUG?
Which of the following is a systemic manifestation of ANUG?
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What is the type of granulomas found in Actinomycosis?
What is the type of granulomas found in Actinomycosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a causative organism of Actinomycosis?
Which of the following is NOT a causative organism of Actinomycosis?
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What is the purpose of Ziehl-Neelsen stain in the diagnosis of Actinomycosis?
What is the purpose of Ziehl-Neelsen stain in the diagnosis of Actinomycosis?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Actinomycosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Actinomycosis?
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What is the typical location of Actinomycosis?
What is the typical location of Actinomycosis?
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What is the most common site of infection in Peripheral Actinomycosis?
What is the most common site of infection in Peripheral Actinomycosis?
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What is the characteristic feature of the pus discharged in Actinomycosis?
What is the characteristic feature of the pus discharged in Actinomycosis?
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What is the primary cause of Noma (cancrum oris)?
What is the primary cause of Noma (cancrum oris)?
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What is the mode of transmission of Gonorrhea?
What is the mode of transmission of Gonorrhea?
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What is the characteristic feature of the mucous patches in Secondary stage of acquired Syphilis?
What is the characteristic feature of the mucous patches in Secondary stage of acquired Syphilis?
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What is the term for the invasion of the body by harmful microorganisms?
What is the term for the invasion of the body by harmful microorganisms?
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What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
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What is the main function of macrophages in the immune system?
What is the main function of macrophages in the immune system?
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What is the term for the complex response to harmful stimuli?
What is the term for the complex response to harmful stimuli?
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What is the primary site of infection in Central Actinomycosis?
What is the primary site of infection in Central Actinomycosis?
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What is the term for a focal aggregate of immune cells that forms in response to a persistent inflammatory stimulus?
What is the term for a focal aggregate of immune cells that forms in response to a persistent inflammatory stimulus?
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What is the treatment for Actinomycosis?
What is the treatment for Actinomycosis?
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What is the causative organism of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?
What is the causative organism of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)?
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What is the oral manifestation of Gonorrhea?
What is the oral manifestation of Gonorrhea?
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What is the primary risk of untreated primary syphilis?
What is the primary risk of untreated primary syphilis?
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What is the primary lesion of the oral mucosa in tuberculosis?
What is the primary lesion of the oral mucosa in tuberculosis?
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What is the characteristic feature of Hutchinson's teeth?
What is the characteristic feature of Hutchinson's teeth?
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What is the characteristic feature of central caseous necrosis in tuberculosis?
What is the characteristic feature of central caseous necrosis in tuberculosis?
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What is the likely cause of deafness in congenital syphilis?
What is the likely cause of deafness in congenital syphilis?
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What is the mode of transmission of syphilis?
What is the mode of transmission of syphilis?
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What is the characteristic feature of the primary stage of acquired syphilis?
What is the characteristic feature of the primary stage of acquired syphilis?
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What is the purpose of the Silver impregnated method in diagnosing syphilis?
What is the purpose of the Silver impregnated method in diagnosing syphilis?
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What is the characteristic oral manifestation of tertiary syphilis?
What is the characteristic oral manifestation of tertiary syphilis?
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What is the term for the lesions that appear in the oral cavity during the primary stage of acquired syphilis?
What is the term for the lesions that appear in the oral cavity during the primary stage of acquired syphilis?
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What is the term for the giant cells formed by the fusion of monocytes/macrophages?
What is the term for the giant cells formed by the fusion of monocytes/macrophages?
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What is the histopathological feature of tertiary stage of acquired syphilis?
What is the histopathological feature of tertiary stage of acquired syphilis?
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What is the causative organism of leprosy?
What is the causative organism of leprosy?
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What is the characteristic feature of lepromatous leprosy?
What is the characteristic feature of lepromatous leprosy?
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What is the purpose of the Fite-Faraco stain in diagnosing leprosy?
What is the purpose of the Fite-Faraco stain in diagnosing leprosy?
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What is the characteristic feature of oral lesions in leprosy?
What is the characteristic feature of oral lesions in leprosy?
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Study Notes
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)
- Caused by fusiform bacilli, Bacteroides, and spirochetes, known as Vincent's organisms
- Normal oral flora, making ANUG an endogenous infection
- Predisposing factors: local (alcohol, tobacco, poor oral hygiene, pre-existing gingivitis), systemic (psychological stress, poor diet, immunocompromised status)
- Clinical features: necrotic punched-out or crater-like ulcerations on interdental papilla and marginal gingiva, grayish pseudo membrane, gingival bleeding, pain, foul odor, excessive salivation, bad metallic taste
- Systemic manifestations: fever, malaise, cervical lymphadenopathy
- Histopathological features: non-specific, necrosis of surface epithelium, acute inflammatory cells in connective tissue
- Treatment: removal of local irritating factors, antibiotics (penicillin and metronidazole)
Actinomycosis
- Definition: chronic suppurative granulomatous bacterial infection, usually occurs in the soft tissue of the angle of the mandible
- Causative organisms: endogenous bacteria, especially Actinomyces israeli and/or Actinomyces bovis
- Predisposing factors: local (poor oral hygiene, periodontal pocket, or after tooth extraction or jaw surgery), systemic (immunocompromised patients with malignancies, HIV, diabetes, or steroid use)
- Clinical features: two types of Actinomycosis can be distinguished
- Peripheral Actinomycosis: lesion begins as asymptomatic firm (indurated) swelling, later breaks down forming sinuses and discharging pus with sulfur granules, characterized by formation of multiple abscesses and sinus tracts
- Central Actinomycosis: occurs in the bones of the jaw, leading to chronic actinomycosis osteomyelitis
- Histopathological features: central abscess consists of colonies of microorganisms with radiating filaments, forming a rosette pattern, with neutrophils, multinucleated giant cells, and macrophages
- Treatment: incision and drainage, long-term penicillin-based antibiotics, antiseptic mouth rinse
Noma (Cancrum Oris)
- Definition: destructive, disfiguring, necrotizing disease affecting the orofacial tissues
- Most frequently affects children in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, who are malnourished or debilitated by systemic conditions
- Histopathological and bacteriological features are similar to ANUG
- Noma is preceded by ANUG, so early diagnosis prevents the development of noma and death
Gonorrhea
- Definition: venereal disease transmitted by sexual intercourse, caused by Neisseria gonorrhea
- Oral manifestations: vary from asymptomatic to painful, including generalized erythematous stomatitis, ulceration, burning sensation, and difficulty swallowing
- Secondary stage of acquired syphilis: highly contagious, characterized by the formation of mucous patches and condyloma latum, with a typical snail-track appearance
Syphilis
- Definition: chronic, specific granulomatous bacterial infection, transmitted by direct contact, caused by Treponema pallidum
- Classification: acquired and congenital types
- Acquired syphilis: 3 stages
- Primary stage: characterized by the formation of Chancre, a painless nodule that breaks down to form a round ulcer with raised, indurated, and rolled margins, with regional lymphadenopathy
- Secondary stage: highly contagious, characterized by the formation of mucous patches and condyloma latum, with a typical snail-track appearance
- Tertiary stage: appears 2-3 years, characterized by gumma, diffuse syphilitic glossitis, and diffuse syphilitic osteitis
- Histopathological features: central coagulation necrosis, surrounded by chronic inflammatory cells, with fibroblasts for the synthesis of fibrous tissue with endarteritis obliterans
Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity
- Definition: chronic specific granulomatous bacterial infection, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Clinical features: primary lesion of the oral mucosa is rare, usually associated with coughing-up of infected sputum from pulmonary tuberculosis, with a chronic, irregular, indurated, painful ulcer that slowly increases in size, affecting the tongue, buccal mucosa, palate, and lips
- Histopathological features: microscopic examination of T.B reveals granulomatous inflammation, with central caseous necrosis, collections of epithelioid histiocytes, lymphocytes, and multinucleated Langhans giant cells
Leprosy
- Definition: chronic infectious disease produced by Mycobacterium leprae, with two forms: tuberculoid leprosy (limited form with low-virulence bacilli) and lepromatous leprosy (generalized form with high-virulence bacilli)
- Clinical features: oral lesions in the form of multiple necrotic and ulcerated nodules with slow healing and atrophic scarring, affecting the palate, tongue, and gingiva, with cutaneous lesions, severe maxillofacial deformities, and damage to peripheral nerves
- Histopathological features: granulomatous inflammatory response with epithelioid histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells, with infiltration of nerves by mononuclear inflammatory cells, and acid-fast bacilli demonstrated with Fite-Faraco stain
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Description
This quiz covers the causative organisms, predisposing factors, and clinical features of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG).