Anubarna and Juktobarno

Anubarna

• Anubarna refers to the alternative forms of consonants.
• It include "phala", "reph", and abbreviations of letters.

Juktobarno (Combined Letters)

• "Phala" represents abbreviated forms of consonants that hang below or to the right of other consonants:
  • Examples include "n-phala" ( ঙ্), "b-phala" (ব্), "m-phala" (ম্), "y-phala" (য্), "r- phala" (র্), and "l-phala" (ল্).
• "Reph" (র্) is an alternative form of "r".
• Letter abbreviations serve to shorten letters when writing combined letters.
  • examples include "ৎ", which is an abbreviation of "ত".
  • "ৎ" is recognized as an independent letter in the Bengali alphabet.
• Juktobarno are formed by combining multiple letters, and they can either be easily recognizable or difficult to discern.
  • They are classified into two types: transparent and opaque.
• Transparent combined letters: examples include ক্ট, জ্জ, জ্ব, ঞ্ঝ, ভ্ড, ন্ট, ণ্ঠ, দ্দ, দ্ব, দ্ম, ষ্ঠ, ন্ড, ন্স, স্ট, প্ত, প্প, ন্স, জ্জ, ব্দ, ক্ষ, স্ক, র
• Opaque combined letters include: ক্ত (ক্+ত), ক্স (ক্+ম), ক্র (ক্+র), ক্ষ (ক্+য), ক্ষ্ম (ক্+ষ+ম), ক্স (ক্+স), গু (গ+উ)

Shankhabarno (Numeral Letters)

• There are ten numeral letters used to represent numbers: ১, ২, ৩, ৪, ৫, ৬, ৭, ৮, ৯, ০

Phonemes

• Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language.
• There are 37 basic phonemes in the Bengali language.
  • These are divided into two categories: vowels and consonants.
• Basic vowels: [ই], [এ], [অ্যা], [আ], [অ], [ও], [উ];
• Basic consonants: [প], [ফ], [ব], [ভ], [ম], [খ], [দ], [ধ], [ট], [ঠ], [ড], [ঢ], [চ], [ছ], [জ], [ঝ], [ঞ], [ক], [খ], [গ], [ঘ], [ঙ], [ন], [স], [শ], [ষ], [ল], [র], [ড়], [ঢ়]।
• Vowels are sounds that are produced without obstruction in the mouth, whereas consonants are sounds that are produced with obstruction in the mouth.

Bornos (Letters)

• A "borno" is a symbol representing a sound.
• A "bornamala" refers to the collection of all the letters in a language.
• The Bengali alphabet is divided into two parts based on the division of sounds: swarabarno and banjanbarno.
  • Swarabarno are the symbols for vowel sounds.
  • Banjanbarno are the symbols for consonant sounds.
• There are 50 letters in the original Bengali alphabet, and it also contains various forms of karborno, anubarno, yuktabarno & shankhabarno.
• The original letters are divided into swarabarno and banjanbarno:

Swarabarno

• অ, আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও, ঔ = 11 letters

Banjanbarno

• ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ
• চ, ছ, জ, ঝ, ঞ
• ট, ঠ, ড, ঢ, ণ
• ত, থ, দ, ধ, ন
• প, ফ, ব, ভ, ম
• য, র, ল
• শ, ষ, স, হ
• ড়,ঢ়, য়, ৎ = 39 letters

Karborno

• There are 10 abbreviated forms of vowels, named Karborno
  • These do not have independent usage.
  • These are added to the letters before, after, above, below, or on both sides of consonants.
  • If there is no "karborno" or sign with a consonant, it is assumed that there is an "অ" with the consonant.