Antiviral Vaccines and Their History

<p>They help identify specific roles for viral proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block all subsequent steps of viral replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crude vaccines often resulted in severe side effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth of virus in vertebrate cells cultured in vitro. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A widespread increase of infectious disease in animals over a large area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>33-70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If a vaccine is not 100% safe or effective. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chick embryos were killed before adequate amounts of vaccine could be produced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccination triggers a specific immune response against pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rare serious adverse effects must be investigated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They boost immune response and produce more antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Live attenuated virus vaccines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some adverse events are difficult to foresee. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines reduce viral load and block virus replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is an urgent need for vaccines against several viruses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research into new strategies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines create a dead end for the virus, limiting mutations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Better delivery technologies and strategies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They induce an immune response through immunogenic determinants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can replicate in humans without inducing disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require multiple doses and possibly an adjuvant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are generally safer for immunocompromised patients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They express viral proteins from genetically modified organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require strict temperature control during storage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They typically require an adjuvant and multiple doses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are less sensitive to storage conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can provide transient expression of viral proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause serious illness very frequently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a competitive inhibitor by mimicking natural substrates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Azidothymidine (AZT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It selectively targets the active site of viral reverse transcriptase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mimic natural substrates and ensure selective activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent the insertion of viral DNA into the host chromosome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cleaves between specific amino acids that are exclusive to HIV. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is selectively phosphorylated by herpesvirus thymidine kinase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By incorporating a modified sugar moiety that lacks -OH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NRTIs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They make the drug ineffective due to rapid resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit the release and spread of the virus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zanamivir and Oseltamivir (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To target multiple viral targets and prevent resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are currently under clinical trials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research expanding on new antiviral targets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a combination therapy targeting multiple aspects of the virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are expected to combat future pandemics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is actively evolving and shows promise for multiple viral diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccines that prevent viral infections, proven to be the most effective method.

Early antiviral vaccines made from natural products, which were effective but had serious side effects.

Improved vaccine production in the 1950s-1960s, using cell cultures (primary and immortalized).

A method in labs of growing virus in animals, one after another, to study its properties.

Method to grow viruses in fertilized eggs, a key advancement in early vaccine production.

Bird flu, often highly pathogenic to birds, sometimes affecting humans.

Widespread increase in animal infections over a large area (animal epidemic).

Challenges in creating avian influenza vaccines due to the virus's high pathogenicity, killing chick embryos too early before vaccine production.

Infections that persist and last for a long time, often throughout a person's life.

Substances added to vaccines to enhance the immune response.

Vaccines using a weakened form of the virus, allowing for natural-like immune response.

Vaccines using a non-replicating form of the virus (or just parts of the virus) that needs Adjuvants.

A critical aspect of vaccines – although existing vaccines are safe, risks exist, and continuous monitoring is essential.

Changes in a virus's genetic material, which can affect its ability to be fought off by immune system.

Advanced methods for administrating antiviral vaccines for improved efficacy and convenience.

Finding new uses for existing compounds, often by repurposing them for antiviral applications.

Altering the structure of a known active compound to improve its antiviral properties or create new ones.

Testing a massive number of compounds simultaneously to identify those with potential antiviral activity.

Using 3D models of viral proteins to design antiviral drugs that specifically target their structure.

The ratio of a drug's toxic dose to its effective dose, indicating its safety margin.

Use whole viruses in their natural form, which are usually simple and highly effective, but have potential risks of replication in non-natural hosts.

Modified live viruses that are weakened to induce an immune response without causing disease. Achieved through serial passage and in vitro cultivation.

Use a killed virus, usually good for generating immunity to many antigens and generally stable. However, may require more doses (Multiple shots).

Use specific viral parts (antigens) rather than the whole virus to generate immunity.

Use genetically modified organisms to express viral antigens, allowing targeted delivery to specific locations in the body.

Use RNA molecules to produce viral proteins inside the body, eliciting an immune response.

Use DNA plasmids to produce viral proteins inside the body, eliciting an immune response.

Parts of a virus that trigger an immune response.

A substance added to a vaccine to boost the immune response.

A potent antiviral drug, developed through multiple cycles of optimization to improve its efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties.

A class of antiviral drugs that block the release and spread of influenza virus by inhibiting the activity of neuraminidase, an enzyme that cleaves sialic acid from membrane glycoproteins.

Two prominent neuraminidase inhibitors, used in treating influenza infections, particularly severe cases like H5N1 and H1N1.

A treatment regimen for HIV that combines multiple antiviral drugs targeting different stages of the viral lifecycle, aiming to suppress viral replication and prevent resistance.

Specific proteins or processes within the SARS-CoV2 virus that are targeted by antiviral drugs in development.

A rapidly evolving field focused on developing new antiviral drugs, driven by ongoing virology research and successes in treating diseases like influenza, HIV-1, and HSV.

The final exam will cover material from lectures 5-12, with a focus on those chapters. However, some concepts from earlier lectures (1-4) will also be tested.

The final exam will be structured similarly to the midterm with multiple choice questions, fill-in-the-blanks, and short answer questions including application of concepts.

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors are antiviral drugs that block the process of reverse transcription in HIV, preventing the virus from replicating. They are essentially modified versions of nucleic acids that trick the virus into incorporating them into its genetic material, causing chain termination and hindering viral replication.

Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog that specifically inhibits the herpes simplex virus (HSV) by acting as a competitive inhibitor for the incorporation of deoxyguanosine triphosphate (pppdG) into DNA by viral DNA polymerase. This process leads to chain termination and ultimately prevents viral replication.

The first FDA-approved drug for AIDS treatment, AZT is a nucleoside analogue with an N3 (azido) group replacing the normal 3'OH group in the sugar moiety. This modification causes chain termination during DNA synthesis in HIV-1.

NNRTIs are a class of antiviral drugs that target the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV, but unlike NRTIs, they don't act as nucleoside analogs. They bind directly to the active site of the enzyme, slowing down the rate of DNA polymerization.

A highly selective NNRTI used for HIV-1, Nevirapine binds near the active site of viral RT and inhibits DNA polymerization. It's crucial for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV, reducing transmission rates by 50% with a single dose.

These antiviral drugs target HIV integrase, an enzyme responsible for integrating viral DNA into the host's chromosome. By interacting with the active site, they inhibit this integration process, preventing the virus from taking control of the host cell.

The first FDA-approved integrase inhibitor, Raltegravir binds to the active site of HIV integrase, preventing the integration of viral DNA into the host's genome. It's a valuable tool for both treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis.

These antiviral drugs target viral proteases, enzymes that break down proteins essential for viral assembly and maturation. They interfere with the virus's ability to create functional viral particles, preventing further infection.

Many antiviral drugs are most effective when used in combination therapies. By targeting multiple stages of the viral life cycle, these combination therapies reduce the risk of resistance and increase overall effectiveness.