Antitrust and Oligopoly

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Questions and Answers

In an oligopolistic market, what is the primary effect of the 'price effect' resulting from increased output?

  • It causes an increase in consumer demand.
  • It results in increased production costs.
  • It leads to higher profits for competitors.
  • It lowers overall market prices. (correct)

Which of the following best describes the main objective of antitrust laws?

  • To protect large corporations from smaller competitors.
  • To ensure that all firms have equal market share.
  • To promote monopolies by regulating market entry.
  • To prevent anti-competitive behavior and promote fair competition. (correct)

What is the key characteristic that defines an oligopoly?

  • A large number of small firms.
  • A single firm dominating the market.
  • No barriers to entry or exit.
  • Few firms dominating the market. (correct)

How does the 'tit-for-tat' strategy function in repeated interactions?

<p>By mimicking the opponent's previous move. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies predatory pricing?

<p>A firm temporarily cutting prices below cost to drive competitors out of the market. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring 'concentration ratio' in an industry?

<p>To assess the degree of competition within the industry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In game theory, what does the concept of 'Nash Equilibrium' represent?

<p>A situation where each player's strategy is optimal given the other players' strategies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is explicitly prohibited by the Sherman Act?

<p>Banning collusion among firms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a 'duopoly'?

<p>A market dominated by two firms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'output effect' influence firms' decisions in an oligopoly?

<p>More output raises revenue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a 'dominant strategy' in game theory?

<p>It is the best choice regardless of what other players do. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'game theory' as applied to oligopolies?

<p>Studying how firms make strategic decisions in competitive situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'tying'?

<p>Bundling products together to increase sales of a less popular item. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'resale price maintenance'?

<p>A manufacturer setting a minimum price at which retailers can sell their product. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do 'fare wars' primarily manifest in the airline industry?

<p>Through airlines competing via price cuts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antitrust legislation, what is the primary purpose of the Clayton Act?

<p>To strengthen existing antitrust laws and address specific anti-competitive practices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following business structures fits best to 'Noncooperative Equilibrium'?

<p>Firms acting in self-interest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of firms that establishes a cartel?

<p>Firms act together to control the market. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies the 'Prisoner's Dilemma'?

<p>Two firms independently choose strategies that lead to a worse outcome for both compared to if they had cooperated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of applying 'Anti-trust Laws' to oligopolies?

<p>To prevent anti-competitive behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antitrust Laws

Laws that prevent anti-competitive behavior among firms.

Sherman Act

A United States antitrust law that bans collusion among firms.

Clayton Act

A United States antitrust law that strengthens antitrust regulations.

Oligopoly

A market structure dominated by a few large firms.

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Concentration Ratio

The proportion of market share controlled by the largest firms in the market.

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Game Theory

The study of strategic decision-making, especially in situations where the outcome of a firm depends on the actions of other firms.

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Duopoly

A market structure with only two dominant firms.

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Collusion

An agreement among firms to fix prices or limit output.

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Cartel

A group of firms that act together to control the market, like a monopoly.

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Nash Equilibrium

A stable state in game theory where each player's strategy is the best response to the strategies of others.

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Price Effect

The decrease in price caused by increasing output.

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Output Effect

The increase in revenue caused by increasing output.

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Prisoners' Dilemma

A situation where individual self-interest leads to a suboptimal outcome for all parties.

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Dominant Strategy

A strategy that is optimal for a player regardless of what other players do.

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Tit-for-Tat

A strategy in game theory where a player copies the opponent's previous move.

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Noncooperative Equilibrium

An equilibrium where firms act in their own self-interest without cooperation.

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Resale Price Maintenance

A practice where manufacturers set a minimum resale price for retailers.

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Predatory Pricing

A strategy of setting prices below cost to drive out competitors.

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Tying

Selling multiple products together as a package.

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Fare Wars

Intense price competition among airlines, often resulting in very low fares.

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Study Notes

  • Antitrust laws prevent anti-competitive behavior.
  • The Sherman Act bans collusion among firms.
  • The Clayton Act strengthens antitrust laws.
  • Oligopoly means that a few firms dominate the market.
  • Concentration ratio refers to the share of the market controlled by the top firms.
  • Game theory is the study of strategic decision-making.
  • Duopoly is a market with two dominant firms.
  • Collusion happens when firms agree on price or output.
  • A cartel consists of firms acting together to control the market.
  • Nash equilibrium is the best strategy, given others' choices.
  • The price effect means more output lowers prices.
  • The output effect means more output raises revenue.
  • The prisoner's dilemma illustrates how self-interest prevents cooperation.
  • Dominant strategy is the best choice regardless of others' actions.
  • Tit-for-tat involves copying an opponent's previous move.
  • Noncooperative equilibrium occurs when firms act in self-interest.
  • Resale price maintenance refers to the minimum price set by manufacturers.
  • Predatory pricing involves cutting prices to kill competition.
  • Tying involves bundling products to increase power.
  • Fare wars involve airlines competing via price cuts.

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