Rheumatology - Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)

Which of the following best describes the underlying mechanism of anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

A patient diagnosed with secondary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) most likely has which of the following co-existing conditions?

Which of the following is a typical site for thrombosis in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

A 30-year-old female with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) presents with a history of three unexplained first-trimester miscarriages. Which of the following APS-related complications does this patient likely have?

Which of the following is considered one of the 'other manifestations' of anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

A patient presents with thrombosis in multiple organs occurring within a week, along with microangiopathy. Which complication of anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is most likely?

Which of the following laboratory findings is consistent with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

Which of the following antibodies is associated with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

According to the diagnostic criteria for anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), a patient must have at least how many positive laboratory criteria results, spaced how far apart?

Which of the following conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

Which acquired condition can lead to a hypercoagulable state that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of APS?

What is the recommended long-term treatment for thrombosis in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

Which of the following medications is typically used as anticoagulation for pregnant women with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

Which of the following treatment options is most appropriate for a patient experiencing catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome (CAPS)?

A patient with APS is being treated with warfarin. What is the target INR range for therapeutic anticoagulation in this patient?

A 28-year-old pregnant woman with APS is being treated with low-molecular weight heparin. Which of the following complications is most important to monitor for?

Which of the following clinical scenarios would raise suspicion for catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome (CAPS)?

A patient with APS has a history of recurrent arterial and venous thromboses despite being on warfarin therapy with a therapeutic INR. Which of the following approaches might be considered?

Which of the following statements about warfarin and pregnancy is most accurate in the context of managing APS?

Besides anticoagulation and antiplatelet medications, what other medication has been shown to decrease the risk of thrombosis and pregnancy loss in APS patients?

A patient with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) experiences new-onset cardiac valvular dysfunction. Which specific cardiac manifestation is most commonly associated with APS?

In the context of diagnosing anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), which factor distinguishes primary APS from secondary APS?

Which specific laboratory finding, beyond the standard antiphospholipid antibody panel, would raise strong suspicion for catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome (CAPS) in a patient presenting with multi-organ thrombosis?

A patient with APS is on long-term warfarin therapy. They develop a gastrointestinal bleed. After the bleed is controlled, what is the most appropriate long-term anticoagulation strategy, considering the need to balance thrombotic risk and bleeding risk?

A 35-year-old woman with APS and a history of recurrent miscarriages is planning a pregnancy. She is currently managed with low-dose aspirin. What additional intervention is most crucial to improve her chances of a successful pregnancy?

Which of the following is the most specific diagnostic criterion for anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) according to the revised Sapporo criteria?

A young female patient presents with livedo reticularis, migraine headaches, and recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). While evaluating for possible causes, which of the following co-existing conditions would most strongly suggest a diagnosis of secondary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

A patient is being evaluated for recurrent early miscarriages and possible anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS). If anti-cardiolipin antibodies are detected, how many weeks apart should the positive tests be to meet the laboratory criteria for APS?

Which of the following clinical findings is most suggestive of catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome (CAPS) rather than typical APS?

A 40-year-old male with a history of anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) presents with acute onset of neurological symptoms, including confusion and focal deficits, along with thrombocytopenia. MRI of the brain reveals multiple small infarcts. What immediate treatment strategy is most appropriate?

A patient with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is being treated with warfarin for secondary prevention of thrombosis. They require an urgent surgical procedure with a high risk of bleeding. Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for managing their anticoagulation?

In a patient with APS who has persistent thrombocytopenia despite anticoagulation, which additional therapy might be considered?

Which statement most accurately reflects the interaction between warfarin and pregnancy in the context of anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) management?

A patient with APS and recurrent arterial thromboses despite therapeutic anticoagulation is found to have persistently elevated levels of anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies. Which of the following additional treatment strategies might be considered to reduce the risk of further thrombotic events?

Aside from thrombosis and pregnancy complications, what other clinical manifestation is recognized as a criterion for diagnosing anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

A patient with a confirmed diagnosis of anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) presents with sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Which of the following typical sites of thrombosis is most likely?

Which of the following conditions is least likely to be included in the differential diagnosis of anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

What is the primary reason for using low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) instead of warfarin in pregnant women with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS)?

A patient with anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) presents with a sudden onset of multiple thrombotic events affecting the brain, kidneys, and skin, accompanied by a rapid decline in cognitive function. Which of the following complications is most suspected?

A 40-year-old female with APS presents with new onset of lower extremity edema and proteinuria. A renal biopsy reveals microangiopathic changes. Which of the following manifestations of APS is most likely?