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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of antineoplastic drugs?
What is the primary function of antineoplastic drugs?
- To stop the activity of malignant cells. (correct)
- To stimulate the growth of new, healthy cells.
- To enhance the function of benign cells.
- To inhibit the activity of normal cells.
Which of the following best describes how malignant neoplasia differs from normal cell growth?
Which of the following best describes how malignant neoplasia differs from normal cell growth?
- Normal cells evade programmed cell death more effectively.
- Malignant cells are highly sensitive to antigrowth signals.
- Malignant cells grow without normal homeostatic control. (correct)
- Malignant cells have a limited capacity to replicate.
The body attempts to eliminate tumor cells through various mechanisms. Which of the following is involved in this host response?
The body attempts to eliminate tumor cells through various mechanisms. Which of the following is involved in this host response?
- Increased production of malignant cells.
- Suppression of T lymphocytes.
- Secretion of antibodies. (correct)
- Reduction in interferon production.
Why are antineoplastic drugs often administered using drug calculations based on body surface area (BSA)?
Why are antineoplastic drugs often administered using drug calculations based on body surface area (BSA)?
How do antineoplastic drugs primarily target malignant cells?
How do antineoplastic drugs primarily target malignant cells?
What does 'growth fraction' refer to regarding cancer cell response to antineoplastic drugs?
What does 'growth fraction' refer to regarding cancer cell response to antineoplastic drugs?
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis and replication occur?
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis and replication occur?
Which of the following describes 'cell-cycle nonspecific' (CCNS) drugs?
Which of the following describes 'cell-cycle nonspecific' (CCNS) drugs?
Alkylating drugs are most effective in which phases of the cell cycle?
Alkylating drugs are most effective in which phases of the cell cycle?
Doxorubicin is an example of which type of antineoplastic drug?
Doxorubicin is an example of which type of antineoplastic drug?
Methotrexate and Cytarabine are examples of which of the following antineoplastic drug types?
Methotrexate and Cytarabine are examples of which of the following antineoplastic drug types?
What is the primary mechanism of action for alkaloids in cancer treatment?
What is the primary mechanism of action for alkaloids in cancer treatment?
Rapid cell division occurs in several areas of the body; how does this affect the use of antineoplastic drugs?
Rapid cell division occurs in several areas of the body; how does this affect the use of antineoplastic drugs?
Which normal tissues are most likely to be affected by antineoplastic drugs due to rapid cell division?
Which normal tissues are most likely to be affected by antineoplastic drugs due to rapid cell division?
Which of the following is an example of an alkylating agent that should NOT be used in cats?
Which of the following is an example of an alkylating agent that should NOT be used in cats?
Which phase of the cell cycle is targeted by antimetabolites?
Which phase of the cell cycle is targeted by antimetabolites?
Vinblastine and Vincristine exert their cytotoxic effects during which phase of the cell cycle?
Vinblastine and Vincristine exert their cytotoxic effects during which phase of the cell cycle?
What is a potential side effect in breeds with continuous hair growth (e.g., Poodles) as a result of antineoplastic drug administration?
What is a potential side effect in breeds with continuous hair growth (e.g., Poodles) as a result of antineoplastic drug administration?
How do antitumor antibiotics like Doxorubicin function in cancer treatment?
How do antitumor antibiotics like Doxorubicin function in cancer treatment?
Which of these is a possible side effect of antineoplastic drugs on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
Which of these is a possible side effect of antineoplastic drugs on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
Among the body's host response mechanisms, which of the following factors is involved in attempting to eliminate tumors?
Among the body's host response mechanisms, which of the following factors is involved in attempting to eliminate tumors?
Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant neoplasia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of malignant neoplasia?
What is the significance of body surface area (BSA) in antineoplastic drug calculations?
What is the significance of body surface area (BSA) in antineoplastic drug calculations?
How do antineoplastic drugs act on the cell cycle?
How do antineoplastic drugs act on the cell cycle?
During which phase of the cell cycle are enzymes produced that are needed for DNA synthesis?
During which phase of the cell cycle are enzymes produced that are needed for DNA synthesis?
If a drug is described as 'cell-cycle specific' (CCS), what does this imply about its mechanism of action?
If a drug is described as 'cell-cycle specific' (CCS), what does this imply about its mechanism of action?
Which cellular component is directly targeted by antitumor antibiotics?
Which cellular component is directly targeted by antitumor antibiotics?
Myelosuppression is a significant concern with antineoplastic drugs because it primarily affects which of the following?
Myelosuppression is a significant concern with antineoplastic drugs because it primarily affects which of the following?
What is the ultimate result of the body's attempts to eliminate tumors via its immune system?
What is the ultimate result of the body's attempts to eliminate tumors via its immune system?
Which of the following best describes the role of T lymphocytes in the host response to tumors?
Which of the following best describes the role of T lymphocytes in the host response to tumors?
Which factor contributes to the insidious nature of malignant neoplasia, allowing it to thrive and spread within the body?
Which factor contributes to the insidious nature of malignant neoplasia, allowing it to thrive and spread within the body?
The use of antineoplastic drugs often leads to a decrease in circulating neutrophils and platelets, this condition is known as:
The use of antineoplastic drugs often leads to a decrease in circulating neutrophils and platelets, this condition is known as:
When administering antineoplastic drugs, oncologists may use charts to convert body weight (BWT) in kilograms to BSA. Why is this conversion necessary?
When administering antineoplastic drugs, oncologists may use charts to convert body weight (BWT) in kilograms to BSA. Why is this conversion necessary?
What is the rationale behind using a combination of different antineoplastic drugs in cancer therapy protocols?
What is the rationale behind using a combination of different antineoplastic drugs in cancer therapy protocols?
Which of the following is a consideration when determining the dosage of antineoplastic drugs based on BSA (Body Surface Area)?
Which of the following is a consideration when determining the dosage of antineoplastic drugs based on BSA (Body Surface Area)?
What determines the effectiveness of antineoplastics against cancer cells concerning the growth fraction?
What determines the effectiveness of antineoplastics against cancer cells concerning the growth fraction?
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell division?
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by cell division?
CCNS (Cell-cycle nonspecific) drugs have a broad range of action, but when are Alkylating drugs most effective?
CCNS (Cell-cycle nonspecific) drugs have a broad range of action, but when are Alkylating drugs most effective?
Which of the following describes the specific function of alkaloids like Vinblastine and Vincristine in cancer treatment?
Which of the following describes the specific function of alkaloids like Vinblastine and Vincristine in cancer treatment?
Rapid cell division in areas like the bone marrow leads to what specific side effect when administering antineoplastic drugs?
Rapid cell division in areas like the bone marrow leads to what specific side effect when administering antineoplastic drugs?
Flashcards
Neoplasia
Neoplasia
The abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells, starting from a single cell that differs genetically from normal cells, leading to abnormalities passed to new daughter cells.
Malignant Neoplasia
Malignant Neoplasia
Tumors that grow without normal homeostatic control of cell growth, are insensitive to antigrowth signals, evade cell death, replicate limitlessly, and invade tissues.
Host Response
Host Response
The body attempts to eliminate tumors using T lymphocytes, antibodies, interferons, and TNF (tumor necrosis factor).
Antineoplastic Drugs
Antineoplastic Drugs
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Drug Dosage Calculation
Drug Dosage Calculation
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Drug Formulation Goal
Drug Formulation Goal
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Growth Fraction
Growth Fraction
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G1 Phase
G1 Phase
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S Phase
S Phase
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G2 Phase
G2 Phase
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M Phase
M Phase
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"Cell-cycle nonspecific drugs" (CCNS)
"Cell-cycle nonspecific drugs" (CCNS)
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"Cell-cycle specific drugs" (CCS)
"Cell-cycle specific drugs" (CCS)
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Alkylating Drugs
Alkylating Drugs
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Antitumor Antibiotics
Antitumor Antibiotics
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Antimetabolites
Antimetabolites
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Alkaloids
Alkaloids
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Rapid Cell Division Sites
Rapid Cell Division Sites
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Study Notes
- Antineoplastic drugs function to stop the activity of malignant cells
- They are also known as anticancer agents or chemotherapeutic agents
Neoplasia
- Neoplasms start as single cells that are genetically different from normal cells
- Cells then passes along abnormalities to new daughter cells
- This process of cell division produces a neoplasia as cells continue to grow and divide
Malignant Neoplasia
- Grows without normal homeostatic control that regulates normal cell growth (autonomy)
- Insensitive to antigrowth signals
- Has the ability to evade programmed cell death
- Has unlimited potential to replicate
- Invades tissue and spreads from the origin point
Host Response
- The body attempts to eliminate tumours via T lymphocytes, antibodies, interferons, and TNF (tumour necrosis factor)
- Eventually, the animal's immune system becomes overwhelmed
Various Protocols
- Antineoplastic drugs may be administered as a single drug therapy or in combination
- Examples include the maximum tolerated dose for short intervals or frequent low doses over a longer interval
Drug Calculations
- Dosage is based on body surface area (BSA) in m²
- Some oncologists use weight for patients weighing less than 10kg
- Charts can convert BWT (kg) into BSA
- Working with m² determines mg/day
- A flush may be required pre/post administration
Drug Formulation
- Acts against characteristics unique to malignant cells, such as rapid cell division and growth
Cancer Cell Response: Growth Fraction
- Growth Fraction is the percentage of actively dividing cancer cells
- Antineoplastics tend to be more effective against cancer cells with a high growth fraction (e.g., leukemia and some lymphomas)
- Actively dividing cells are typically more sensitive to DNA damage and changes to cell cycle processes
Cell Cycle
- G1 phase: Enzymes are produced, required for DNA synthesis
- S phase: DNA synthesis and replication occurs
- G2 phase: RNA and protein synthesis occurs
- M phase: Mitosis (cell division) occurs
- G0 phase: Resting phase; not all cells enter this phase
- Drugs are formulated to target specific points in the cell cycle
"Cell-cycle nonspecific drugs" (CCNS)
- Act during any phase of the cell cycle
"Cell-cycle specific drugs" (CCS)
- Act during a specific phase of the cell cycle, but not during the rest phase
- CCNS drugs are best at G1 and S phases of cell cycle
- An example of an alkylating drug is Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil, Lomustine, Carboplatin, and Cisplatin (NO CATS)
- These drugs function by inhibiting DNA replication
Antitumor Antibiotics
- These drugs are CCNS but more effective at S phase
- They work by binding with DNA and interfering with RNA and protein synthesis
- An example is Doxorubicin
Antimetabolites
- These drugs are CCS and operate during the S phase
- They work by affecting DNA synthesis
- Examples are Methotrexate and Cytarabine
Alkaloids
- These drugs are CCS and operate during M phase
- They stop cancer cell division
- Examples include Vinblastine and Vincristine
Antineoplastic Drugs: Problems
- These drugs can also affect other cells in the body that rapidly divide
- Rapid cell division also occurs in bone marrow, GI tract, reproductive organs, and hair follicles
- Bone marrow can experience myelosuppression, which decreases circulating neutrophils and/or platelets
- The GI tract can experience anorexia, nausea, and vomiting/diarrhea
- Hair follicles may experience loss, particularly in breeds with continuous hair growth (i.e., Poodles)
- Overall the use of these drugs, decreases safety margin
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