Antihypertensive Drugs Unit 7.1
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Questions and Answers

What are two reasons why blood pressure may be elevated?

  • Too much fluid and vasoconstriction (correct)
  • Vasoconstriction and low blood volume
  • Too much sodium and fluid
  • Low blood volume and too much fluid

Which of the following may be risk factors for developing hypertension? (Select all that apply)

  • Excessive intake of fiber
  • Regular exercise
  • Obesity (correct)
  • Excessive intake of saturated fat and simple carbohydrates (correct)
  • Alcohol consumption (correct)

Which of the following are medications used to treat hypertension?

  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (correct)
  • Alpha blockers (correct)
  • Diuretics (correct)
  • Beta blockers (correct)
  • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (correct)
  • Analgesics
  • Calcium channel blockers (correct)

Which of the following is a common side effect of beta blockers?

<p>Bradycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which beta blockers end in '-olol'?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of beta blockers?

<p>They block the adrenergic affect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications are classified as beta blockers?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common side effects of beta-adrenergic blockers?

<p>Same as those studied in Unit 4 (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metoprolol is a non-selective beta-blocker, meaning it blocks both beta1 and beta2 receptors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of alpha-adrenergic blockers like Prazosin?

<p>They block the alpha-adrenergic receptors, resulting in vasodilation (blood vessel widening) and decreased blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common use for Prazosin?

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common side effect of Calcium Channel Blockers?

<p>Elevated blood glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors typically end in '-______' and are known for potentially causing a dry cough.

<p>pril</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for the use of ACE Inhibitors?

<p>High protein binding drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

<p>ARBs like Losartan inhibit the binding of angiotensin II to its receptor, which prevents vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

ARBs are known to cause the same persistent dry cough that is common with ACE inhibitors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a contraindication for the use of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

<p>Lactation (A), Pregnancy (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some crucial nursing assessments when caring for a patient on antihypertensive medications?

<p>Assessments should include vital signs, electrolytes, medication and medical history, renal and liver function, weight, edema, and I&amp;O (especially with renal dysfunction).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of antihypertensive medication with its typical ending:

<p>Beta-blockers = -olol Calcium Channel Blockers = -pine ACE Inhibitors = -pril Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers = -sartan or -tan</p> Signup and view all the answers

African Americans often respond well to diuretics as initial monotherapy for hypertension.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient on a diuretic for hypertension should report which of these symptoms to their healthcare provider?

<p>Rapid weight gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It's safe for patients to stop taking their antihypertensive medication abruptly if they feel better.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing instruction for patients on beta-blockers?

<p>Monitor blood sugar carefully if diabetic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some important teaching points for patients on ACEI and A2RB?

<p>Teach them to avoid potassium supplements, salt substitutes containing potassium, and a low-potassium diet. Emphasize the importance of regular monitoring of potassium levels, and encourage communication with their healthcare provider.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient's blood pressure is 140/92 mm Hg. How would you classify this blood pressure?

<p>Stage 2 Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antihypertensives

Medications used to lower high blood pressure.

Physiologic Risk Factors

Underlying biological reasons for high blood pressure.

Saturated & Simple Carbs

Dietary components linked to high blood pressure.

Alcohol

Increases renin secretions, contributing to high blood pressure.

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Obesity

High body weight is a risk factor for high blood pressure.

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Diuretics

Antihypertensive drugs that promote fluid loss.

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Beta Blockers

Antihypertensives that block beta-adrenergic receptors.

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Metoprolol

A beta blocker that is more selective for beta-1 receptors.

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Propranolol

A non-selective beta blocker.

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Alpha Blockers

Antihypertensives reducing blood pressure by causing vasodilation.

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Prazosin

A specific alpha blocker used to treat hypertension and other conditions.

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Calcium Channel Blockers

Antihypertensive drugs that prevent calcium from entering cells.

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Amlodipine

A calcium channel blocker used for hypertension, angina, and other conditions.

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ACE Inhibitors

Antihypertensives that inhibit the formation of angiotensin II.

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Lisinopril

An ACE inhibitor used for hypertension and heart failure.

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ARBs

Antihypertensives that block angiotensin II receptors.

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Losartan

A specific ARB used to treat hypertension.

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Cultural Differences

Different racial groups respond differently to antihypertensive medications.

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Nursing Process

Systematic approach nurses use to assess, plan, and manage patient care.

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Teaching Patients

Important education to ensure correct medication use and management.

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Stage 1 Hypertension

High blood pressure reading between 130/80 to 139/89.

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Monotherapy

Treating a condition with a single medication.

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Rebound Hypertension

Sudden increase in blood pressure after stopping medication.

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Dry Cough

A common side effect of ACE inhibitors.

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Renal Disease

Kidney related issues.

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Monitoring Blood Pressure

Regularly tracking blood pressure values to monitor treatment.

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Hypertension

High blood pressure, a condition where the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently too high.

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Fluid Overload

A reason for high blood pressure where the body has too much fluid, increasing pressure on blood vessels.

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Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels, causing blood pressure to rise as it forces blood through a smaller space.

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Alcohol & Renin

Alcohol increases renin, a hormone that constricts blood vessels, raising blood pressure.

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Obesity & Hypertension

Being overweight increases the risk of developing high blood pressure.

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Stress Management

Techniques like meditation and relaxation can lower stress, helping to control blood pressure.

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Exercise & Hypertension

Regular physical activity helps lower blood pressure by strengthening the heart and improving blood flow.

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Salt Restriction

Limiting sodium intake in the diet helps lower blood pressure by reducing fluid retention.

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Diuretics & Blood Pressure

Medications that increase urination, reducing fluid volume and thus lowering blood pressure.

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Beta Blockers & Heart

Antihypertensives that block beta receptors, slowing the heart rate and reducing blood pressure.

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Beta Blocker Suffix

Most beta blockers end in '-olol', helping to identify them.

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Alpha Blockers & Vasodilation

These medications block alpha receptors, causing blood vessels to widen and decrease blood pressure.

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Prazosin & Uses

An alpha blocker treating hypertension, heart failure, and prostate problems.

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Calcium Channel Blockers & Cells

These drugs block calcium from entering cells, leading to vasodilation and lower heart rate.

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Calcium Channel Blocker Suffix

Many calcium channel blockers end in '-pine', useful for identification.

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ACE Inhibitors & Renin

Drugs that block the enzyme renin, preventing angiotensin II formation and lowering blood pressure.

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ACE Inhibitor Suffix

Many ACE inhibitors end in '-pril', helpful for identification.

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Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

Medications that block angiotensin II receptors, preventing its vasoconstricting effects and lowering blood pressure.

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ARB Suffix

Most ARBs end in '-sartan' or '-tan', making identification easier.

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African Americans & Hypertension

This group often responds differently to antihypertensive medications, requiring specific adjustments.

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Nursing Process: Assessment

Nurses systematically gather information about patients, including vital signs, medication history, and lab tests.

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Nursing Process: Planning

Nurses develop care plans based on assessments, targeting goals and interventions.

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Nursing Process: Implementation

Nurses carry out planned interventions, such as medication administration and patient education.

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Nursing Process: Evaluation

Nurses assess the effectiveness of interventions and adjust them as needed, monitoring progress.

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Patient Education

Teaching patients about their medications, possible side effects, and self-management techniques for hypertension.

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Dry Cough & ACEIs

A common side effect of ACE inhibitor medications, often a chronic, irritating cough.

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Renal Disease & Alpha Blockers

Alpha blockers are contraindicated for people with kidney problems.

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Study Notes

Antihypertensives

  • Antihypertensives are drugs used to lower blood pressure.
  • Physiologic risk factors for hypertension include excessive fluid intake, vasoconstriction, excessive intake of saturated fat and simple carbohydrates, alcohol intake (increases renin secretions), and obesity.
  • Cultural responses to antihypertensive agents differ between groups, including African Americans and Asian Americans.

Nonpharmacological Control of Hypertension

  • Nonpharmacologic methods to control hypertension include stress-reduction techniques, exercise, salt restriction, decrease alcohol ingestion, and smoking cessation.

Antihypertensive Drugs

  • Diuretics, beta-adrenergic blockers, alpha-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers are types of antihypertensive drugs.

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

  • Beta-adrenergic blockers end in "-olol."
  • Metoprolol is a more selective beta₁ blocker.
  • Propranolol is a nonselective beta₁ and beta₂ blocker.
  • Action: Blocks adrenergic affect, lowering blood pressure and heart rate.
  • Uses include hypertension, anti-dysrhythmic, and anti-angina.
  • It can be used as dual therapy with diuretics for African Americans.
  • Side effects/adverse reactions are similar to those studied in unit 4.
  • Contraindications are the same as those studied in unit 4. Propranolol is contraindicated in those with asthma or COPD.
  • Interactions are the same as those in unit 4.

Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers

  • Alpha-adrenergic blockers include prazosin.
  • Action: Blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
  • Uses include hypertension, heart failure, benign prostatic hypertrophy.
  • It can be used as monotherapy for African Americans.
  • Side effects/adverse reactions can include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, peripheral edema, weight gain, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, palpitations, and elevated liver enzymes.
  • Contraindications include caution and decreased blood pressure.
  • Interactions include other drugs that lower blood pressure, high protein-binding drugs, alcohol, and over-the-counter (OTC) cold medications.

Calcium Channel Blockers

  • Calcium channel blockers end in "-pine."
  • Amlodipine, verapamil, and diltiazem are examples.
  • Action: Blocks calcium movement in and out of cells, promoting vasodilation and decreasing heart rate.
  • Uses include hypertension, anti-angina, anti-dysrhythmic, and peripheral vascular disease.
  • It can be used as monotherapy for African Americans.
  • Side effects/adverse reactions can include flushing, headache, dizziness, peripheral edema, erectile dysfunction, hypotension, and bradycardia.
  • Contraindications include caution and hepatic impairment.
  • Interactions include other drugs that lower blood pressure and cold medications.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

  • ACE inhibitors end in "-pril."
  • Lisinopril is an example.
  • Action: Inhibits angiotensin II formation, blocking vasoconstriction and aldosterone release; increases water and sodium excretion, and potassium retention.
  • Uses include hypertension and heart failure.
  • It can be used as dual therapy along with diuretics for African Americans.
  • Side effects/adverse reactions include a constant irritating cough, headache, GI upset, insomnia, erectile dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, hyperkalemia, tachycardia, and angioedema.
  • Contraindications include pregnancy and use with potassium-sparing diuretics or salt substitutes containing potassium.
  • Interactions include potassium-containing medications, other antihypertensives, and OTC cold medications.

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

  • ARBs end in "-sartan" or "-tan."
  • Losartan is an example.
  • Action: Blocks angiotensin II binding to receptors, inhibiting vasoconstriction and aldosterone release, thereby promoting sodium and water release and potassium retention.
  • Uses include hypertension and heart failure.
  • Side effects/adverse reactions include dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, insomnia, headache, erectile dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, hyperkalemia, hypotension, and renal dysfunction.
  • Contraindications include pregnancy and lactation.
  • Interactions include other antihypertensives, alcohol,NSAIDs, and OTC cold medications.

Nursing Process for Antihypertensives

  • Assessment: Vital signs, knowledge of drugs that lower heart rate and electrolytes, medication and medical history, renal and liver function, weight, edema, and I&O are considerations.
  • Teaching: Take blood pressure and pulse daily. Report changes. Weigh daily and report consistent gains. Get up slowly. Do not abruptly stop taking antihypertensives. Check with healthcare providers before taking OTC meds, especially cold medications. Teach diabetes patient interactions. ACE inhibitors and ARBs - teach no salt substitutes with K, low K diet, no potassium supplements

Practice Questions & Answers (Summarized)

  • Practice Question #1 Answer: B, indicating stage 1 hypertension.
  • Practice Question #2 Answer: A, losartan (Cozaar).
  • Practice Question #3 Answer: D, dizziness.
  • Practice Question #4 Answer: C, alpha-adrenergic blockers.
  • Practice Question #5 Answer: C, rebound hypertension.
  • Practice Question #6 Answer: D, a dry cough.
  • Practice Question #7 Answer: A, renal disease.
  • Practice Question #8 Answer: B, monitor blood pressure carefully.

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Unit 7.1 Antihypertensives PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on antihypertensive drugs and their mechanisms, including various classes such as diuretics and beta-adrenergic blockers. It also covers physiological risk factors for hypertension and the importance of nonpharmacological methods in managing blood pressure. Ideal for students studying pharmacology or cardiovascular health.

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