Antihistamines and Their Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of NSAIDs in reducing inflammation and pain?

  • Inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins (correct)
  • Inhibiting the release of histamine
  • Stimulating the production of gastric acid
  • Increasing the sensitivity to painful stimuli

    • Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of NSAIDs?

  • Gastrointestinal bleeding (correct)
  • Enhanced platelet aggregation
  • Gastric mucosa protection
  • Increased renal blood flow

    • What is the primary difference between COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes?

  • COX-1 is constitutively expressed, while COX-2 is induced during inflammation (correct)
  • COX-1 is involved in pain perception, while COX-2 is involved in inflammation
  • COX-1 is involved in inflammation, while COX-2 is involved in pain perception
  • COX-1 is induced during inflammation, while COX-2 is constitutively expressed

    • Which of the following medications is associated with a lower risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects?

    <p>Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen in reducing pain and fever?

    <p>Inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of acetaminophen toxicity?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of aspirin and ibuprofen in relieving pain and inflammation?

    <p>Inhibiting the production of prostaglandins in both central and peripheral nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rare but potentially fatal adverse effect of aspirin in children?

    <p>Reye's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary toxicity associated with acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of aspirin that is related to its anti-platelet effects?

    <p>Decreasing platelet aggregation to protect against MI and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ibuprofen considered more similar to aspirin than acetaminophen?

    <p>Both have anti-inflammatory effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of acetaminophen over aspirin and ibuprofen in terms of adverse effects?

    <p>It has a lower risk of nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of first generation NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen?

    <p>Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with long-term use of high doses of acetaminophen?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity and renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of second generation NSAIDs, such as celecoxib, over first generation NSAIDs?

    <p>Fewer adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NSAIDs is an injectable drug often used for pain relief?

    <p>Ketorolac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histamine in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Stimulating stomach acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of histamine 1 stimulation on blood vessels?

    <p>Vasodilation and increased permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of anti-histamines?

    <p>Blocking histamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of diphenhydramine on the CNS at therapeutic doses?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the effects of histamine on the lungs and skin?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction occurs in the lungs, but not in the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe histamine 1 stimulation?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of immunization?

    <p>To induce antibody formation to provide protection from a specific disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a vaccine and a toxoid?

    <p>A vaccine induces antibody formation, while a toxoid stimulates the body to form an antibody against a toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of immunosuppressants?

    <p>To inhibit immune response to prevent organ rejection and treat autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporin?

    <p>It binds with calcineurin to suppress the production of Interleukin-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is PEDIARIX?

    <p>A combination vaccine that provides protection against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and poliovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with the use of immunosuppressants?

    <p>Increased risk of infection and neoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of second-generation NSAIDs?

    <p>They are more likely to cause gastrointestinal adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between propionic acid derivatives and salicylates?

    <p>Their side effect profile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of acetaminophen?

    <p>It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using naproxen over aspirin?

    <p>It has a longer duration of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect of ketorolac?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the first and second generation NSAIDs?

    <p>Their selectivity for COX-1 and COX-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of histamine-2 antagonists on the body?

    <p>They block the action of histamine on the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of COX inhibitors in relieving pain and inflammation?

    <p>They inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of third-generation H1 receptor antagonists over first-generation H1 receptor antagonists?

    <p>They have less drowsiness and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in the kidney?

    <p>They maintain renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of histamine-1 receptor antagonists on the body?

    <p>They block the action of histamine on blood vessels and smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of COX inhibitors on platelet function?

    <p>They inhibit platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of acetaminophen over aspirin and ibuprofen in terms of adverse effects?

    <p>It has a lower risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of aspirin that is related to its anti-platelet effects?

    <p>Decreasing platelet aggregation to protect against MI and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rare but potentially fatal adverse effect of aspirin in children?

    <p>Reye’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of ibuprofen in relieving pain and inflammation?

    <p>Inhibiting prostaglandins in both central and peripheral nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of aspirin?

    <p>Allergic to sulfonamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary toxicity associated with acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of acetaminophen toxicity?

    <p>Renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic advantage of COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, over traditional NSAIDs?

    <p>Reduced risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NSAIDs is associated with a higher risk of nephrotoxicity?

    <p>Ketorolac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen in reducing pain and fever?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with long-term use of NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen?

    <p>Gingival hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects of COX inhibitors is responsible for their anti-inflammatory properties?

    <p>Prevention of prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of acetaminophen toxicity?

    <p>Overproduction of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NSAIDs is most likely to cause GI bleeding?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of COX-2 selective inhibitors over non-selective COX inhibitors?

    <p>Reduced risk of GI bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect of long-term use of high doses of NSAIDs?

    <p>Renal impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for COX-2 selective inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen in reducing pain and fever?

    <p>Decreasing prostaglandins in the CNS to reduce fever and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using acetaminophen over aspirin and ibuprofen?

    <p>Fewer gastrointestinal adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary toxicity associated with acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NSAIDs is most similar to aspirin in terms of its mechanism of action?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of COX-2 inhibition on inflammation?

    <p>Reducing inflammation in the peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with long-term use of high doses of NSAIDs?

    <p>Gastrointestinal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of histamine 1 stimulation on the vasculature?

    <p>Increased permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of long-term use of high doses of acetaminophen?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of COX-2 inhibitors in relieving pain and inflammation?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following NSAIDs is associated with a lower risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects?

    <p>Celecoxib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of diphenhydramine on the CNS at therapeutic doses?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cyclosporin inhibits the immune response?

    <p>Binds to calcineurin, suppressing the production of Interleukin-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using COX-2 inhibitors over traditional NSAIDs?

    <p>They have a lower risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for acetaminophen?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary toxicity associated with acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of NSAIDs on platelet function?

    <p>Inhibition of platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of anti-histamines in relieving allergic reactions?

    <p>Inhibition of histamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

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