Antihistamines and Their Effects
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of NSAIDs in reducing inflammation and pain?

  • Inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins (correct)
  • Inhibiting the release of histamine
  • Stimulating the production of gastric acid
  • Increasing the sensitivity to painful stimuli

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of NSAIDs?

  • Gastrointestinal bleeding (correct)
  • Enhanced platelet aggregation
  • Gastric mucosa protection
  • Increased renal blood flow

What is the primary difference between COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes?

  • COX-1 is constitutively expressed, while COX-2 is induced during inflammation (correct)
  • COX-1 is involved in pain perception, while COX-2 is involved in inflammation
  • COX-1 is involved in inflammation, while COX-2 is involved in pain perception
  • COX-1 is induced during inflammation, while COX-2 is constitutively expressed

Which of the following medications is associated with a lower risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects?

<p>Acetaminophen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen in reducing pain and fever?

<p>Inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins in the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of acetaminophen toxicity?

<p>Hepatotoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of aspirin and ibuprofen in relieving pain and inflammation?

<p>Inhibiting the production of prostaglandins in both central and peripheral nervous systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare but potentially fatal adverse effect of aspirin in children?

<p>Reye's syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary toxicity associated with acetaminophen overdose?

<p>Hepatotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of aspirin that is related to its anti-platelet effects?

<p>Decreasing platelet aggregation to protect against MI and stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is ibuprofen considered more similar to aspirin than acetaminophen?

<p>Both have anti-inflammatory effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of acetaminophen over aspirin and ibuprofen in terms of adverse effects?

<p>It has a lower risk of nausea and vomiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of first generation NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen?

<p>Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with long-term use of high doses of acetaminophen?

<p>Hepatotoxicity and renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of second generation NSAIDs, such as celecoxib, over first generation NSAIDs?

<p>Fewer adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NSAIDs is an injectable drug often used for pain relief?

<p>Ketorolac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen?

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histamine in the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Stimulating stomach acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of histamine 1 stimulation on blood vessels?

<p>Vasodilation and increased permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of anti-histamines?

<p>Blocking histamine receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of diphenhydramine on the CNS at therapeutic doses?

<p>Depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the effects of histamine on the lungs and skin?

<p>Bronchoconstriction occurs in the lungs, but not in the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of severe histamine 1 stimulation?

<p>Anaphylactic shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of immunization?

<p>To induce antibody formation to provide protection from a specific disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a vaccine and a toxoid?

<p>A vaccine induces antibody formation, while a toxoid stimulates the body to form an antibody against a toxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of immunosuppressants?

<p>To inhibit immune response to prevent organ rejection and treat autoimmune diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporin?

<p>It binds with calcineurin to suppress the production of Interleukin-2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is PEDIARIX?

<p>A combination vaccine that provides protection against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and poliovirus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with the use of immunosuppressants?

<p>Increased risk of infection and neoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of second-generation NSAIDs?

<p>They are more likely to cause gastrointestinal adverse effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between propionic acid derivatives and salicylates?

<p>Their side effect profile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of acetaminophen?

<p>It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using naproxen over aspirin?

<p>It has a longer duration of action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of ketorolac?

<p>Dry mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the first and second generation NSAIDs?

<p>Their selectivity for COX-1 and COX-2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of histamine-2 antagonists on the body?

<p>They block the action of histamine on the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of COX inhibitors in relieving pain and inflammation?

<p>They inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of third-generation H1 receptor antagonists over first-generation H1 receptor antagonists?

<p>They have less drowsiness and sedation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in the kidney?

<p>They maintain renal blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of histamine-1 receptor antagonists on the body?

<p>They block the action of histamine on blood vessels and smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of COX inhibitors on platelet function?

<p>They inhibit platelet aggregation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of acetaminophen over aspirin and ibuprofen in terms of adverse effects?

<p>It has a lower risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic use of aspirin that is related to its anti-platelet effects?

<p>Decreasing platelet aggregation to protect against MI and stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a rare but potentially fatal adverse effect of aspirin in children?

<p>Reye’s syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of ibuprofen in relieving pain and inflammation?

<p>Inhibiting prostaglandins in both central and peripheral nervous systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of aspirin?

<p>Allergic to sulfonamides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary toxicity associated with acetaminophen overdose?

<p>Hepatotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen?

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of acetaminophen toxicity?

<p>Renal failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary therapeutic advantage of COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, over traditional NSAIDs?

<p>Reduced risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NSAIDs is associated with a higher risk of nephrotoxicity?

<p>Ketorolac (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen in reducing pain and fever?

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with long-term use of NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen?

<p>Gingival hyperplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects of COX inhibitors is responsible for their anti-inflammatory properties?

<p>Prevention of prostaglandin synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of acetaminophen toxicity?

<p>Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NSAIDs is most likely to cause GI bleeding?

<p>Aspirin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of COX-2 selective inhibitors over non-selective COX inhibitors?

<p>Reduced risk of GI bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of long-term use of high doses of NSAIDs?

<p>Renal impairment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for COX-2 selective inhibitors?

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of acetaminophen in reducing pain and fever?

<p>Decreasing prostaglandins in the CNS to reduce fever and pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using acetaminophen over aspirin and ibuprofen?

<p>Fewer gastrointestinal adverse effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary toxicity associated with acetaminophen overdose?

<p>Hepatotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NSAIDs is most similar to aspirin in terms of its mechanism of action?

<p>Ibuprofen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of COX-2 inhibition on inflammation?

<p>Reducing inflammation in the peripheral tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with long-term use of high doses of NSAIDs?

<p>Gastrointestinal bleeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of histamine 1 stimulation on the vasculature?

<p>Increased permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of long-term use of high doses of acetaminophen?

<p>Hepatotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of COX-2 inhibitors in relieving pain and inflammation?

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following NSAIDs is associated with a lower risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects?

<p>Celecoxib (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of diphenhydramine on the CNS at therapeutic doses?

<p>Depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for NSAIDs, including aspirin and ibuprofen?

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cyclosporin inhibits the immune response?

<p>Binds to calcineurin, suppressing the production of Interleukin-2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using COX-2 inhibitors over traditional NSAIDs?

<p>They have a lower risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of pain relief for acetaminophen?

<p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary toxicity associated with acetaminophen overdose?

<p>Liver failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of NSAIDs on platelet function?

<p>Inhibition of platelet aggregation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of anti-histamines in relieving allergic reactions?

<p>Inhibition of histamine receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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