ch 4 part 1 Antigen and Immunogen Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of immunogenicity?

The ability to induce a humoral and/or cell mediated immune response (correct)

The substance that can be recognized by immunoglobulin receptor of B cells

The substance that induces a specific immune response

The ability to combine specifically with antibodies and/or cell-surface receptors

What are haptens?

Antigenic but incapable of inducing a specific immune response (correct)

Substances recognized by immunoglobulin receptor of B cells

Substances that induce a specific immune response

Substances that combine specifically with antibodies and/or cell-surface receptors

What is the difference between an immunogen and an antigen?

An antigen induces a humoral and/or cell mediated immune response, while an immunogen does not

An immunogen can induce a specific immune response, while an antigen may not induce a specific immune response (correct)

There is no difference, they are synonymous

An immunogen lacks antigenicity, while an antigen has high immunogenicity

Antigens can only be recognized by the immunoglobulin receptor of B cells

False Signup and view all the answers

Immunogenicity refers to the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response

True Signup and view all the answers

Haptens are capable of inducing a specific immune response by themselves

False Signup and view all the answers

Qual es le propertate de un immunogen que contribue al immunogenicitate?

Stranieritate Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un del factores importante in le immunogenicitate de un immunogen?

Grandor molecular Signup and view all the answers

Qual es un del aspectos que determina le capacitate de un immunogen a esser processate e presentate sur MHC?

Composition chimic e complexitate Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecules are generally recognized by the immune system as immunogens?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between molecular size and immunogenicity?

Macromolecules with a molecular mass of approximately 100,000 Da are most active immunogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the general effect of substances with a molecular mass less than 5000–10,000 Da on immunogenicity?

They are poor immunogens Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are the most potent immunogens, with polysaccharides being less potent.

True Signup and view all the answers

There is a correlation between the size of a macromolecule and its immunogenicity.

True Signup and view all the answers

Substances with a molecular mass less than 5000–10,000 Da are potent immunogens.

False Signup and view all the answers

What determines the immunogenicity of a molecule?

Its recognition as non-self by the biological system Signup and view all the answers

Why is bovine serum albumin (BSA) strongly immunogenic when injected in rabbits?

Due to the phylogenetic distance between cows and rabbits Signup and view all the answers

What is an exception to the rule that molecules from the same species are not immunogenic in that species?

Sequestered sperms and corneal tissues Signup and view all the answers

Greater phylogenetic distance between species results in greater structural differences and immunogenicity

True Signup and view all the answers

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is immunogenic in cows

False Signup and view all the answers

Collagen is highly conserved through species, therefore displays little immunogenicity across diverse species lines

True Signup and view all the answers

Homopolymers are non-immunogenic, while copolymers are usually more immunogenic

True Signup and view all the answers

The structural complexity of proteins, from primary to quaternary, affects immunogenicity

True Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are haptens and need to be conjugated with a carrier to produce antibodies

True Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polymers are usually more immunogenic?

Copolymers Signup and view all the answers

What is the general effect of lipids on immunogenicity?

Lipids need to be conjugated with a carrier to produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

How does the structural complexity of proteins affect immunogenicity?

Higher structural complexity increases immunogenicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why large, insoluble macromolecules are generally more immunogenic than small soluble ones?

They are more readily phagocytosed and processed Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for an antigen to induce humoral and cellular responses?

It should be presented to T cells through antigen presenting cells with processed antigen and MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

Why are antigens presented to T cells through antigen presenting cells with processed antigen and MHC molecules?

To ensure proper activation of the immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of the biological system contributes to the immunogenicity of a macromolecule?

Host Genetic make-up Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of the biological system that influence the ability of an antigen to induce an immune response?

Host Genetic make-up, Manner in which material is presented, Use of adjuvants Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance the immunogenicity of a macromolecule?

Use of agents (adjuvants) to enhance immunogenicity Signup and view all the answers

What does the genotype of the recipient primarily affect in the immune response?

Type and degree of immune response Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an insufficient dose of immunogen?

Fails to activate enough lymphocytes or induces a non-responsive state Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of the biological system that influence the ability of an antigen to induce an immune response?

Host genetic make-up, manner of material presentation, use of adjuvants Signup and view all the answers

What determines the general ability of a macromolecule to induce an immune response?

Host genetic make-up and immunogen dose Signup and view all the answers

Genotype of the recipient affects the type and degree of immune response produced.

True Signup and view all the answers

Experimentally, there is a particular dose-response curve for each experimental immunogen with different routes of administration.

True Signup and view all the answers

Host genetic make-up largely affects the processing of antigens to be presented to T cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

The use of adjuvants can decrease the immunogenicity of a macromolecule.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which route of immunization carries antigen first to the local lymph nodes?

Subcutaneous (SC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an excessive high dose or too low dose of immunization?

Induces immunological unresponsiveness (tolerance) Signup and view all the answers

Why is a single dose of immunization often not enough?

Booster is needed Signup and view all the answers

Is a single dose of immunization often enough to induce an immune response?

False Signup and view all the answers

Does the route of immunization strongly influence which immune organs and cell populations will be involved in the response?

True Signup and view all the answers

Is antigen administered intravenously carried first to the spleen?

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adjuvants in immunization?

Enhance co-stimulatory signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an excessive high dose or too low dose of immunization?

Induce immunological unresponsiveness (tolerance) Signup and view all the answers

Why are boosters often needed in immunization?

Single dose is often not enough Signup and view all the answers

Adjuvants are substances that, when mixed with an antigen and injected with it, enhance the immunogenicity of that antigen.

True Signup and view all the answers

A single dose of immunization is often enough to induce a strong immune response

False Signup and view all the answers

Route of immunization Intravenous (iv) means injecting into the vein

True Signup and view all the answers

Epitopes are the entire antigen recognized by lymphocytes.

False Signup and view all the answers

B cells recognize epitopes in a different pattern than T cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

Most T cells recognize only peptides combined with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are epitopes?

The immunologically active region of an immunogen that binds to antigen-specific membrane receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted antibodies Signup and view all the answers

How do B cells recognize epitopes?

They recognize soluble antigens, with epitopes being highly accessible sites on the surface Signup and view all the answers

What do T cells recognize in terms of epitopes?

Peptides combined with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells Signup and view all the answers

What determines the ability of a molecule to function as a B-cell epitope?

The nature of the antigen-binding site on the antibody molecules displayed by B cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds do antibodies use to bind to epitopes?

Weak non-covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

What size of ligands can bind within a deep pocket of an antibody?

Carbohydrates, small oligonucleotides, peptides, and haptens Signup and view all the answers

What type of groove does angiotensin II bind within?

Deep and narrow groove Signup and view all the answers

How many amino acid residues of the octapeptide are in van der Waals contact with the antibody's groove?

14 residues Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the groove where angiotensin II binds?

725 Å Signup and view all the answers

How do larger areas of protein antigens interact with the antibody binding site?

They are engaged by the antibody binding site Signup and view all the answers

What types of amino acids can B-cell epitopes contain?

Sequential (linear) or nonsequential (conformational) Signup and view all the answers

How does a small peptide such as angiotensin II interact with the antibody binding site?

Folds into a compact structure that fits into a pocket or cleft of the binding site Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies engage larger areas of protein antigens compared to small peptide antigens: True or false?

True Signup and view all the answers

B-cell epitopes can contain either sequential (linear) or nonsequential (conformational) amino acids: True or false?

True Signup and view all the answers

Small peptides like angiotensin II can fold into a compact structure that fits into a pocket or cleft of the antibody binding site: True or false?

True Signup and view all the answers

What do T cells recognize in antigens?

Processed antigenic peptides presented with MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

What are the distinct regions antigens should have for T cell recognition?

Epitope to bind T cells and agretope to interact with MHC molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of MHC molecules in T cell recognition?

Presenting processed antigenic peptides to T cells Signup and view all the answers

Antigens should have 2 distinct regions: an epitope to bind T cells and an agretope to interact with MHC molecule:

True Signup and view all the answers

T cells recognize soluble native antigen rather than antigen that has been processed into antigenic peptides

False Signup and view all the answers

T cells recognize antigenic peptides presented in combination with MHC molecules

True Signup and view all the answers

Antigen presenting cells have fine specificity like antibodies. They can selectively bind to a variety of different peptides.

False Signup and view all the answers

T cells recognize epitopes that are often internal within antigens.

True Signup and view all the answers

The binding of an antigen presenting cell to antigens has fine specificity like antibodies.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for a hapten to induce an immune response?

Conjugation with a macromolecule (carrier) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances can function as haptens?

Peptide hormones Signup and view all the answers

What can result from the reaction of penicillin, aspirin, or sulfa drugs with proteins?

Formation of drug-protein derivatives causing an immunological reaction (Allergy) Signup and view all the answers

What types of antigenic determinants are produced by the hapten-carrier conjugate?

Antibodies to hapten-carrier conjugate Signup and view all the answers

What can be induced when a hapten is coupled to a carrier protein?

Both humoral and cell-mediated responses Signup and view all the answers

Which immune responses can be induced by the hapten-carrier conjugate?

Both primary and secondary immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity refers to the ability to induce a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response.
Immunogenicity is determined by the structural complexity of proteins, from primary to quaternary structure.

Immunogens and Antigens

An immunogen is a molecule that can induce a specific immune response.
An antigen is a molecule that can be recognized by the immune system.
Antigens can only be recognized by the immunoglobulin receptor of B cells.

Haptens

Haptens are molecules that can induce a specific immune response by themselves.
Haptens need to be conjugated with a carrier protein to produce antibodies.
Examples of haptens include lipids, penicillin, aspirin, and sulfa drugs.

Macromolecules and Immunogenicity

Proteins are the most potent immunogens, with polysaccharides being less potent.
There is a correlation between the size of a macromolecule and its immunogenicity.
Substances with a molecular mass less than 5000–10,000 Da are potent immunogens.
Large, insoluble macromolecules are generally more immunogenic than small soluble ones.

Factors Affecting Immunogenicity

Genotype of the recipient affects the type and degree of immune response produced.
The route of immunization strongly influences which immune organs and cell populations will be involved in the response.
Adjuvants can enhance the immunogenicity of a macromolecule.
The dose of immunogen affects the immune response.

Epitopes

Epitopes are the regions of an antigen recognized by lymphocytes.
B cells recognize epitopes in a different pattern than T cells.
T cells recognize only peptides combined with MHC molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
B-cell epitopes can contain either sequential (linear) or nonsequential (conformational) amino acids.
Antibodies engage larger areas of protein antigens compared to small peptide antigens.

T Cell Recognition

T cells recognize antigenic peptides presented in combination with MHC molecules.
Antigens should have 2 distinct regions: an epitope to bind T cells and an agretope to interact with MHC molecules.
MHC molecules play a crucial role in T cell recognition.

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Description

Test your knowledge of antigens, immunogenicity, immunogens, antigenicity, and haptens with this quiz. Learn about the substances that induce immune responses and their interactions with B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cell-surface receptors.