Drug Quiz

Apixaban is the best option for patients with atrial fibrillation and a history of gastrointestinal bleeding, due to its lower risk of bleeding compared to other options.

Fondaparinux is the most appropriate alternative therapy for patients experiencing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).

Warfarin reversal uses plasma, while dabigatran reversal uses idarucizumab.

Switching to a P2Y12 inhibitor (e.g., clopidogrel) is warranted if a patient experiences recurrent myocardial infarction despite aspirin therapy.

Switching to low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel may be considered to manage severe adverse effects during dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT).

An ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker) is the preferred alternative therapy for a hypertensive patient with CKD who develops a cough while taking an ACE inhibitor.

Alpha-blockers are the first-line treatment for managing a hypertensive crisis in a patient with pheochromocytoma.

PCSK9 inhibitors are the preferred alternative therapy for patients with statin intolerance due to severe myopathy.

PCSK9 inhibitors significantly reduce cardiovascular events compared to ezetimibe.

Aspirin, lisinopril, and atorvastatin are the least likely combination to cause significant drug-drug interactions for patients with stroke, hypertension and hyperlipidemia.

Prioritize statins, followed by antihypertensives and antiplatelets, after lifestyle modifications.

Warfarin is the preferred anticoagulant for patients with prosthetic heart valves due to its proven efficacy in preventing blood clots in these patients.

The first step when a patient experiences major bleeding during anticoagulation therapy is to immediately stop the anticoagulant.

Warfarin requires frequent monitoring of INR levels to ensure safe and effective anticoagulation.

Patients starting anticoagulation therapy with dabigatran should be advised not to crush or chew the capsules.

Warfarin is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its potential teratogenic effects.

Aspirin irreversibly binds to COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often used in combination with aspirin to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers.

Ticagrelor is an example of a P2Y12 inhibitor, a class of antiplatelet drugs that block ADP receptors on platelets.

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is used after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to prevent blood clots from forming in the stent. The most common combination is aspirin and clopidogrel.

ACE inhibitors are the preferred antihypertensive drug class for patients with diabetes and hypertension because they provide additional renal protection.

Beta-blockers are the first-line antihypertensive treatment for patients with stable angina.

A hypertensive crisis is a dangerously high blood pressure, requiring immediate intervention. IV labetalol is the best initial management for a blood pressure of 190/120 mmHg.

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor that releases excess adrenaline, causing high blood pressure. Alpha-blockers are the first-line treatment for hypertensive crises in patients with pheochromocytoma.

Calcium channel blockers are preferred for treating Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities, due to their ability to relax blood vessels.

If a patient develops angioedema (swelling) while taking an ACE inhibitor, the most appropriate course of action is to switch to a calcium channel blocker.

For a hypertensive patient with heart failure not adequately controlled by ACE inhibitors alone, adding a beta-blocker is the recommended next step.

ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during pregnancy due to the risk of fetal harm, including renal problems and death.

Alpha-blockers are the first-line treatment for managing a hypertensive crisis in a patient with pheochromocytoma, a tumor that releases excess adrenaline.

An anticoagulant that directly blocks the activity of thrombin, a key enzyme in the coagulation cascade, preventing the formation of blood clots.

An anticoagulant that enhances the activity of antithrombin III, a naturally occurring protein in the body that inhibits coagulation factors, like thrombin and factor Xa.

An antiplatelet drug that irreversibly binds to COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes in platelets, inhibiting the production of thromboxane A2, a crucial mediator of platelet aggregation.

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) combines two antiplatelet medications, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, to prevent platelet aggregation and reduce the risk of blood clots, particularly after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Combining two antiplatelet drugs, like aspirin and clopidogrel, to reduce clotting after procedures like stenting.

The main risk is bleeding, as these drugs make platelets less sticky, which helps prevent clots but also increases bleeding risk.

A patient on a beta-blocker presents with bradycardia (slow heart rate) and fatigue. The most appropriate next step is to reduce the beta-blocker dose.

A patient with hypertension and gout should avoid hydrochlorothiazide as an antihypertensive medication because thiazide diuretics can worsen gout.

Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker primarily used to treat vasospastic angina (Prinzmetal's angina).

In a hypertensive emergency, the primary goal is to reduce the mean arterial pressure by no more than 25% within the first hour. Rapid lowering can be dangerous.

Spironolactone, a potassium-sparing diuretic, can cause hyperkalemia (high potassium) as a side effect.