209 11-20-24
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of antibodies in diagnostics?

  • To specifically detect pathogens or molecules (correct)
  • To replace the need for vaccines
  • To destroy all pathogens in the body
  • To increase the production of inflammatory cytokines

    • What does an enzyme-conjugated antibody do in the ELISA method?

  • It blocks the binding of patient samples
  • It produces a colored product when it acts on the captured antigen (correct)
  • It destroys the bound antigen
  • It weakens the immune response

    • In rapid diagnostic tests, what indicates that the gold-labeled antibody is present?

  • Antigen is captured and retained in a narrow strip (correct)
  • A second antibody binds to the antigen in the sample
  • Colored products are produced immediately
  • Unbound antibody continues to diffuse indefinitely

    • Which T cell surface molecule is associated with cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>CD8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when mature T cells recognize an antigen?

    <p>They undergo clonal activation and differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are antibodies used in the antibody-capture ELISA method?

    <p>Antigens in patient samples bind to antibodies coated on the well (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?

    <p>To activate other immune cells and enhance the response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about T cell development is correct?

    <p>Unique specificity T cell clones are generated during thymus development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thymus in T cell development?

    <p>It expresses most self antigens to facilitate T cell specification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about T cell activation is true?

    <p>Peptide-MHC complexes are necessary for T cell receptor aggregation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of MHC molecule is recognized by cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>MHC class I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the migration of dendritic cells to regional lymph nodes?

    <p>Pathogen ingestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for the peptide-MHC complex to successfully activate T cells?

    <p>CD4 or CD8 co-receptor binding to MHC molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are pathogen peptides presented to T cells?

    <p>They are generated from intracellular proteolysis and presented on MHC molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the naive T cell population?

    <p>They express unique antigen receptors that are generated during thymus development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of memory T cells after the initial immune response?

    <p>To provide a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Antibody use in diagnostics

    Antibodies can detect pathogens, host cells, or molecules due to their highly specific binding.

    ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)

    A technique using antibodies to detect an antigen (or an antibody).

    Antigen-capture ELISA

    ELISA method where antibodies capture the target antigen, then using an enzyme-linked antibody to detect it.

    Antibody-capture ELISA

    ELISA method where antigen captures the antibody, then using an enzyme-linked antibody for detection.

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    Rapid diagnostic tests

    Tests that quickly detect antigens using antibodies attached to a filter.

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    T cell lineages

    T cells are developed in the thymus and have CD8 (killer) or CD4 (helper).

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    T cell effector functions

    Mature T cells, when activated by antigens, become effector or memory cells.

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    T cells & clonal activation

    T cells recognize antigens, leading to their activation and differentiation into effector or memory cells.

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    T cell activation

    T cells are activated in secondary lymphoid tissue after encountering pathogens, indirectly.

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    Antigen presentation

    Pathogen peptides are presented on MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) molecules, either class I or II, on the surface of infected cells or immune cells.

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    MHC I pathway

    Presents antigens from the cytosolic compartment of a cell.

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    MHC II pathway

    Presents antigens from the extracellular/vesicle compartment.

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    T cell receptor (TCR)

    A receptor on T cells that recognizes pathogen-derived peptides presented on MHC.

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    CD4 and CD8

    Co-receptors that help TCR bind to MHC I or II.

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    Cytotoxic T cells

    T cells that bind MHC I.

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    Helper T cells

    T cells that bind MHC II.

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    Study Notes

    Antibody Use in Diagnostics and Therapy

    • Antibodies bind highly specifically, making them useful for detecting pathogens, host cells, or molecules.
    • Antibodies are also used therapeutically to inactivate toxins, inflammatory cytokines, and cancer cells.

    ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

    • ELISA uses antibodies to detect pathogens and infections.
    • The process involves coating wells with a specific antibody for a pathogen, then adding patient samples.
    • If the pathogen antigen is present in the sample, it will bind to the antibody and the complex is detected by a secondary, enzyme-labeled antibody.
    • The enzyme activity produces a colored product proportional to the amount of antibody.

    Rapid Diagnostic Tests

    • Rapid diagnostic tests use antibodies for quick pathogen detection.
    • These tests often employ labeled antibodies (e.g., gold-labeled) bound to a solid phase.
    • The presence (or absence) of bound antigen can be detected visually.
    • They are helpful in clinical settings for prompt diagnoses.

    T Cell Effector Functions

    • Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) kill infected cells by releasing cytotoxic toxins.
    • Helper T cells (CD4+) interact with other immune cells to regulate the immune response.
    • TH1 cells aid in cell-mediated responses against intracellular pathogens.
    • TH2 cells help in antibody-mediated responses.
    • TH17 cells aid in the response against extracellular pathogens.

    T Cell Development and Function

    • T cells develop in the thymus and express unique, specific antigen receptors.
    • These receptors have unique antigen specificities during development.
    • Antigen recognition activates T cells, which then differentiate into effector or memory cells.
    • Mature T cells can recognize antigens only after processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells.
    • T cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response to pathogens.
    • T cells primarily recognize pathogen-derived peptides bound to MHC molecules. The peptides (fragments) are presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) on their surface.

    T Cell Activation

    • T cell activation requires the TCR to bind to an antigen presented on MHC molecules and involves co-receptor interactions.
    • MHC I is recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while MHC II is recognized by CD8+ helper T cells.

    T Cell Activation and Killing of Infected Cells

    • Activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells by releasing cytotoxic enzymes that induce apoptotic pathways.
    • This process is comparable to mechanisms used by NK cells (natural killer cells).
    • Antigen (virus) is brought into the cell, where it is processed, triggering the T-cell activation process.

    CD4 T Cell Subsets

    • Various CD4+ T helper cell subsets exist, each with distinct functions and cytokine profiles.
    • TH1 cells produce interferon-gamma and help eradicate intracellular bacteria.
    • TH2 cells produce cytokines promoting B cell activation for antibody production against extracellular bacteria.
    • TH17 cells produce cytokines to fight extracellular pathogens and inflammation.

    T Helper Cell Functions in Immune Response

    • TH1 helper cells stimulate phagocytic cells, aiding in improving pathogen killing.
    • TH1 helper cells also assist cytotoxic T cell activation.
    • TH2 helper cells help B cells proliferate and differentiate, leading to antibody production.

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    Antibodies as Tools – Diagnostics and Therapy PDF

    Description

    Explore the vital role of antibodies in diagnostics and therapy through this quiz. Learn about their applications in detecting pathogens using techniques like ELISA and rapid diagnostic tests. Test your knowledge on how these methods function and their importance in clinical settings.

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