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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of antibodies in diagnostics?
What is the main purpose of antibodies in diagnostics?
What does an enzyme-conjugated antibody do in the ELISA method?
What does an enzyme-conjugated antibody do in the ELISA method?
In rapid diagnostic tests, what indicates that the gold-labeled antibody is present?
In rapid diagnostic tests, what indicates that the gold-labeled antibody is present?
Which T cell surface molecule is associated with cytotoxic T cells?
Which T cell surface molecule is associated with cytotoxic T cells?
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What happens when mature T cells recognize an antigen?
What happens when mature T cells recognize an antigen?
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How are antibodies used in the antibody-capture ELISA method?
How are antibodies used in the antibody-capture ELISA method?
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What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?
What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?
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Which statement about T cell development is correct?
Which statement about T cell development is correct?
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What is the role of the thymus in T cell development?
What is the role of the thymus in T cell development?
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Which of the following statements about T cell activation is true?
Which of the following statements about T cell activation is true?
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Which type of MHC molecule is recognized by cytotoxic T cells?
Which type of MHC molecule is recognized by cytotoxic T cells?
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What initiates the migration of dendritic cells to regional lymph nodes?
What initiates the migration of dendritic cells to regional lymph nodes?
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What is required for the peptide-MHC complex to successfully activate T cells?
What is required for the peptide-MHC complex to successfully activate T cells?
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How are pathogen peptides presented to T cells?
How are pathogen peptides presented to T cells?
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Which statement accurately describes the naive T cell population?
Which statement accurately describes the naive T cell population?
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What is the primary function of memory T cells after the initial immune response?
What is the primary function of memory T cells after the initial immune response?
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Study Notes
Antibody Use in Diagnostics and Therapy
- Antibodies bind highly specifically, making them useful for detecting pathogens, host cells, or molecules.
- Antibodies are also used therapeutically to inactivate toxins, inflammatory cytokines, and cancer cells.
ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
- ELISA uses antibodies to detect pathogens and infections.
- The process involves coating wells with a specific antibody for a pathogen, then adding patient samples.
- If the pathogen antigen is present in the sample, it will bind to the antibody and the complex is detected by a secondary, enzyme-labeled antibody.
- The enzyme activity produces a colored product proportional to the amount of antibody.
Rapid Diagnostic Tests
- Rapid diagnostic tests use antibodies for quick pathogen detection.
- These tests often employ labeled antibodies (e.g., gold-labeled) bound to a solid phase.
- The presence (or absence) of bound antigen can be detected visually.
- They are helpful in clinical settings for prompt diagnoses.
T Cell Effector Functions
- Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) kill infected cells by releasing cytotoxic toxins.
- Helper T cells (CD4+) interact with other immune cells to regulate the immune response.
- TH1 cells aid in cell-mediated responses against intracellular pathogens.
- TH2 cells help in antibody-mediated responses.
- TH17 cells aid in the response against extracellular pathogens.
T Cell Development and Function
- T cells develop in the thymus and express unique, specific antigen receptors.
- These receptors have unique antigen specificities during development.
- Antigen recognition activates T cells, which then differentiate into effector or memory cells.
- Mature T cells can recognize antigens only after processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells.
- T cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response to pathogens.
- T cells primarily recognize pathogen-derived peptides bound to MHC molecules. The peptides (fragments) are presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) on their surface.
T Cell Activation
- T cell activation requires the TCR to bind to an antigen presented on MHC molecules and involves co-receptor interactions.
- MHC I is recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while MHC II is recognized by CD8+ helper T cells.
T Cell Activation and Killing of Infected Cells
- Activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells by releasing cytotoxic enzymes that induce apoptotic pathways.
- This process is comparable to mechanisms used by NK cells (natural killer cells).
- Antigen (virus) is brought into the cell, where it is processed, triggering the T-cell activation process.
CD4 T Cell Subsets
- Various CD4+ T helper cell subsets exist, each with distinct functions and cytokine profiles.
- TH1 cells produce interferon-gamma and help eradicate intracellular bacteria.
- TH2 cells produce cytokines promoting B cell activation for antibody production against extracellular bacteria.
- TH17 cells produce cytokines to fight extracellular pathogens and inflammation.
T Helper Cell Functions in Immune Response
- TH1 helper cells stimulate phagocytic cells, aiding in improving pathogen killing.
- TH1 helper cells also assist cytotoxic T cell activation.
- TH2 helper cells help B cells proliferate and differentiate, leading to antibody production.
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Description
Explore the vital role of antibodies in diagnostics and therapy through this quiz. Learn about their applications in detecting pathogens using techniques like ELISA and rapid diagnostic tests. Test your knowledge on how these methods function and their importance in clinical settings.
