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Questions and Answers
What is the key characteristic of passive immunity?
What is the key characteristic of passive immunity?
Which category of acquired immunities is induced through medical procedures?
Which category of acquired immunities is induced through medical procedures?
What is the consequence of active immunity?
What is the consequence of active immunity?
Which treatment involves immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood?
Which treatment involves immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood?
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How long does the protection from passive immunity typically last?
How long does the protection from passive immunity typically last?
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What is the primary difference between natural and artificial immunity?
What is the primary difference between natural and artificial immunity?
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What is the role of T helper cells in the activation of B cells?
What is the role of T helper cells in the activation of B cells?
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Which cell type undergoes mitosis and clonal expansion to produce plasma cells and memory cells?
Which cell type undergoes mitosis and clonal expansion to produce plasma cells and memory cells?
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What is the structure of an antibody like immunoglobulin IgG?
What is the structure of an antibody like immunoglobulin IgG?
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Which immunoglobulin class is most prevalent in the immune system?
Which immunoglobulin class is most prevalent in the immune system?
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What happens when B cells interact with antigens externally?
What happens when B cells interact with antigens externally?
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How do memory cells differ from plasma cells in their response to antigens?
How do memory cells differ from plasma cells in their response to antigens?
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What is the composition of an antibody?
What is the composition of an antibody?
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What type of cells must process T-cell dependent antigens for presentation to lymphocytes?
What type of cells must process T-cell dependent antigens for presentation to lymphocytes?
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Which cells recognize and kill infected self-cells altered by infection?
Which cells recognize and kill infected self-cells altered by infection?
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Which molecule is secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) to activate T helper (TH) cells?
Which molecule is secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) to activate T helper (TH) cells?
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What is the function of granzymes and perforins in the immune response?
What is the function of granzymes and perforins in the immune response?
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What is the purpose of apoptosis in the immune system?
What is the purpose of apoptosis in the immune system?
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Which type of vaccines are prepared by substantially lessening or negating the virulence of viruses or bacteria?
Which type of vaccines are prepared by substantially lessening or negating the virulence of viruses or bacteria?
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What is a characteristic advantage of live, attenuated vaccines over killed or inactivated vaccines?
What is a characteristic advantage of live, attenuated vaccines over killed or inactivated vaccines?
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How are killed or inactivated vaccines prepared to retain antigenicity but prevent pathogen multiplication?
How are killed or inactivated vaccines prepared to retain antigenicity but prevent pathogen multiplication?
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What is the primary difference in immune response between live attenuated and killed vaccines?
What is the primary difference in immune response between live attenuated and killed vaccines?
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Which type of vaccine preparation typically requires a larger dose and more boosters to be effective?
Which type of vaccine preparation typically requires a larger dose and more boosters to be effective?
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What is a key advantage of live vaccine preparations over killed ones?
What is a key advantage of live vaccine preparations over killed ones?
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What type of vaccines are created using exact antigenic determinants from known sources like capsules and surface proteins?
What type of vaccines are created using exact antigenic determinants from known sources like capsules and surface proteins?
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Which type of vaccines stimulate immunity without the pathogen being present?
Which type of vaccines stimulate immunity without the pathogen being present?
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What can be a possible side effect of some vaccines according to the text?
What can be a possible side effect of some vaccines according to the text?
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Which term refers to the concept that immune individuals reduce the occurrence of pathogens, benefiting even non-immunized individuals?
Which term refers to the concept that immune individuals reduce the occurrence of pathogens, benefiting even non-immunized individuals?
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What is the main purpose of administering some vaccines with adjuvants?
What is the main purpose of administering some vaccines with adjuvants?
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Which type of vaccines involve using exotoxins from pathogens like diphtheria and tetanus as antigens?
Which type of vaccines involve using exotoxins from pathogens like diphtheria and tetanus as antigens?
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Study Notes
Types of Immunity
- Passive immunity: preformed antibodies are donated to an individual; does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term.
- Natural immunity: acquired as part of normal life experiences.
- Artificial immunity: acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine.
Categories Of Acquired Immunities
- Natural Immunity: acquired through normal life experiences not induced through medical means.
- Artificial immunity: produced purposefully through medical procedures (also called immunization).
Passive Immunity
- Consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person.
- Includes immune serum globulin (ISG), gamma globulin, which contains immunoglobulin extracted from pooled blood.
- Used in preventing measles and hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in immunodeficient patients.
- Acts immediately; protection lasts 2-3 months.
Vaccination
- Artificial active immunity: deliberately exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic.
- Involved in presenting antigen to T-cells.
Cellular Immunity
- Docking, then activation by interleukins.
- Types of T cells include CD8 T cells that recognize and kill self-cells altered by infection.
B Cell Activation And Antibody Production
- Once B cells process the Ag, interact with TH cells, and are stimulated by growth and differentiation factors, they undergo mitosis and clonal expansion.
- Divisions give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory cells that can react to the same antigen later.
Antibody Structure And Functions
- Immunoglobulins: large Y-shaped protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains.
- Contain 2 identical fragments (Fab) with ends that bind to a specific antigen.
- Fc binds to various cells and molecules of the immune system.
Immunoglobulin (Ig) Classes
- IgG: monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary), most prevalent.
- IgA: monomer circulates in blood, dimer in mucous and serous secretions.
- IgM: five monomers (pentamer), first class synthesized following Ag encounter.
Vaccine Preparation
- Most vaccines are prepared from:
- Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
- Live, attenuated cells or viruses
- Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses
- Genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents
Killed Or Inactivated Vaccines
- Cultivate the desired strain, treat it with formalin or some other agent that kills the agent but does not destroy its antigenicity.
- Often require a larger dose and more boosters to be effective.
Live Attenuated Cells Or Viruses
- Process that substantially lessens or negates the virulence of viruses or bacteria – eliminates virulence factors.
- Confers long-lasting protection, but can be transmitted to other people and can conceivably mutate back to virulent strain.
Antigenic Molecules (Vaccines From Microbe Parts)
- Acellular or subcellular vaccines (subunit – if a virus).
- Exact antigenic determinants can be used when known.
Route Of Administration And Side Effects
- Most administered by injection; few oral, nasal.
- Some vaccines require adjuvant to enhance immunogenicity and prolong retention of antigen.
- Possible side effects include local reaction at injection site, fever, allergies; rarely back-mutation to a virulent strain, neurological effects.
Herd Immunity
- Immune individuals will not harbor the pathogen, reducing the occurrence of pathogens – herd immunity.
- Less likely that a non-immunized person will encounter the pathogen.
Immunological Memory
- All antibodies are immunoglobulins composed of 4 polypeptide chains.
- Composed of 2 identical heavy chains (H) and 2 identical light chains (L) with a wide range of variable antigen binding sites.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure of antibodies and immunoglobulins, including the composition of polypeptide chains, arrangement, and antigen binding sites. This quiz is based on molecular biology textbooks such as 'Molecular Biology of the Cell' and 'Cellular and Molecular Immunology'.
