Questions and Answers
Which antibiotic is classified as an aminoglycoside?
What is the route of administration for topical antibiotics?
Which of the following indicates a situation where prophylactic antibiotics should be used?
What is a primary concern with the overuse of antibiotics?
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Which antibiotic is notably ineffective against aerobic organisms?
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Which of the following side effects can be caused by antibiotics?
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What is a primary action of antibiotics in surgery?
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Which of the following is NOT an indication for antibiotic use?
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What characterizes narrow spectrum antibiotics?
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Which of the following represents a 1st line anti-tuberculosis drug?
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Which factor does NOT affect the choice of antibiotic?
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What may be a result of overprescribing antibiotics?
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Which antibiotic is destroyed by gastric acid?
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What do bacteriostatic antibiotics require to be effective?
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What is the term for the interaction when two antibiotics work together to enhance efficacy?
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Which of the following is a common antibiotic-resistant disease?
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Study Notes
Antibiotics in Surgery
- Antimicrobials: Chemical substances that include antibiotics, which are secreted by organisms to kill or inhibit other organisms.
Types and Actions of Antibiotics
- Chemical Substances: Include compounds like sulpha which are bacteriostatic and block bacterial enzyme systems.
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Antibiotics:
- Can have bacteriostatic (inhibit growth) or bactericidal (kill bacteria) action.
- Act by affecting:
- Cell wall synthesis
- Cell wall function
- Protein synthesis
- DNA replication
- Spectrum: Antibiotics can be narrow spectrum (target specific bacteria) or broad spectrum (affect a wide range of bacteria).
Combination Therapy
- Usage: Antibiotics may be used alone or in combination.
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Actions of Combination:
- Synergism: Enhanced effect when combined.
- Antagonism: Diminished effect when a bactericidal is combined with a bacteriostatic antibiotic.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Definition: Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics designed to kill them.
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Common Causes:
- Overprescription of antibiotics.
- Incomplete courses of prescribed antibiotics by patients.
- Overuse in agriculture.
- Poor infection control in healthcare.
- Inadequate hygiene and sanitation.
- Common Resistant Strains: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Choosing Antibiotics
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Factors Influencing Choice:
- Patient-related: allergies, renal and hepatic function, age, pregnancy, and concurrent medications.
- Causative organism: based on culture and sensitivity tests.
Common Antibiotic Types
- Crystalline Penicillin: Effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but MRSA is resistant.
- Oral Penicillin: Acid-resistant forms like Ampicillin.
- Cephalosporins: Available in multiple generations, effective against various bacteria.
- Tetracycline: Includes drugs like Vibramycin and Siqmamycin, effective against a range of bacteria.
- Aminoglycosides: Includes Gentamicin and Streptomycin.
Other Antibiotics
- Chloramphenicol: Strong against anaerobic organisms.
- Metronidazole: Effective for anaerobes, ineffective against aerobes.
- Clindamycin: Effective against anaerobes and some Gram-positive bacteria.
Routes of Administration
- Parenteral: Includes intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intradermal (ID).
- Oral: Enteral administration.
- Intracavitary: Directly into body cavities.
- Topical: Applied on the skin or mucous membranes.
Indications for Antibiotic Use
- General infections
- Specific infections
- Surgical prophylaxis
- Trauma and accidental wounds
- Patients with prosthetic implants
- Ischemic conditions
- Valvular heart disease
- Procedures with gross contamination risks
- Very clean operations (e.g., heart, brain surgeries)
- Oral surgery
Anti-Tuberculosis (T.B.) Treatment
- First-Line Drugs: Streptomycin, PAS (paracetamol-salicylic acid), isoniazid (INH).
- Second-Line Drugs: Rifampicin, Ethambutol.
Potential Abuse of Antibiotics
- Can mask clinical symptoms or delay diagnosis.
- Risk of developing resistant strains and secondary infections.
- Economic implications due to unnecessary use.
Side Effects of Antibiotics
- Specific toxic reactions and hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylaxis, urticaria).
- Possible bone marrow depression leading to leukopenia or agranulocytosis.
- Vit.B deficiencies and risk of secondary fungal infections.
- Diarrhea and further development of resistant strains.
Aseptic Technique
- Antibiotics are not a substitute for careful aseptic techniques in surgical procedures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the role of antibiotics in surgery, including their types, actions, and effects. Explore key concepts such as bacteriostatic vs bactericidal properties, combination therapy, and antibiotic resistance. Perfect for medical students and health professionals!
