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Questions and Answers
What is a contraindication of cephalosporins?
What is a contraindication of cephalosporins?
- Allergic to penicillins (correct)
- Bleeding disorders
- Pregnancy
- Renal disease
What is a possible side effect of Ceftazidime?
What is a possible side effect of Ceftazidime?
- Heartburn
- Fever
- Rash
- All of the above (correct)
What is a possible interaction of Aminoglycosides with Ceftazidime?
What is a possible interaction of Aminoglycosides with Ceftazidime?
- Increased risk of diarrhea
- Increased risk of vomiting
- Increased nephrotoxicity (correct)
- Increased risk of bleeding
What is the category of Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pregnancy?
What is the category of Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pregnancy?
What is the mechanism of action of Tetracyclines?
What is the mechanism of action of Tetracyclines?
What is an indication for Tetracyclines?
What is an indication for Tetracyclines?
What is a side effect of Ceftazidime?
What is a side effect of Ceftazidime?
What is a contraindication of Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pregnancy?
What is a contraindication of Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pregnancy?
What is an interaction of Oral Anticoagulants with Ceftazidime?
What is an interaction of Oral Anticoagulants with Ceftazidime?
What is a possible side effect of Tetracyclines?
What is a possible side effect of Tetracyclines?
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Study Notes
Antibiotics
- Antibiotics are chemical substances derived from microorganisms that can inhibit or kill bacteria.
Types of Antibiotics
- Broad Spectrum Antibiotics: effective against many species of bacteria
- Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics: effective against a few species of bacteria
Mechanism of Action
- Bactericidal: kills bacteria
- Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall
- Inhibits synthesis of protein and nucleic acid
- Disrupts chemical activity in bacteria
- Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth of bacteria
- Inhibits synthesis of protein
- Inhibits synthesis of folic acid (vitamin for brain)
General Indications
- Treats bacterial infections
- Dosage and duration of treatment vary depending on the type of infection and the patient's condition
Misuse of Antibiotics
- Using antibiotics for non-bacterial infections
- Self-medication with antibiotics
- Not completing the full dosage or taking antibiotics for the wrong duration
- Can lead to antibiotic resistance
Side Effects
- Hypersensitivity
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Destruction of normal flora (mouth, gut, and genital areas)
- Liver and kidney damage (with high doses or long-term use)
Types of Antibiotics
- Penicillins
- Broad Spectrum (Gram +ve)
- Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic
- Destroys bacterial cell wall
- Causes bacterial cells to swell, rupture, and die
- Cephalosporins
- Broad Spectrum (Gram +ve and Gram -ve)
- Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall
- Tetracyclines
- Broad Spectrum (Gram +ve and Gram -ve)
- Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria
Penicillins
- Natural Penicillins: Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (Penicillin V)
- Semisynthetic Penicillins
- Indications: Urinary tract infections, Respiratory tract infections, Skin infections, Meningitis, Intra-abdominal infections, Gonorrhea, Syphilis
Cephalosporins
- Ceftazidime (Fortum)
- Indications: Urinary tract infections, Respiratory tract infections, Skin infections, Meningitis
- Dose: Adult: 1g q 8 hr IM/IV or 2g q 12 hr IM/IV
- Side Effects: Hypersensitivity, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Nephrotoxicity
Tetracyclines
- Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
- Indications: Urinary tract infections, Skin infections, Respiratory tract infections, Typhus fever
- Dose: Adult: 200mg PO on day 1, followed by 100mg/d PO
- Side Effects: Hypersensitivity, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Photosensitivity
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