10 Questions
What is a contraindication of cephalosporins?
Allergic to penicillins
What is a possible side effect of Ceftazidime?
All of the above
What is a possible interaction of Aminoglycosides with Ceftazidime?
Increased nephrotoxicity
What is the category of Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pregnancy?
Category B
What is the mechanism of action of Tetracyclines?
Bacteriostatic
What is an indication for Tetracyclines?
Both A and B
What is a side effect of Ceftazidime?
All of the above
What is a contraindication of Doxycycline (Vibramycin) in pregnancy?
Not recommended
What is an interaction of Oral Anticoagulants with Ceftazidime?
Increased risk of bleeding
What is a possible side effect of Tetracyclines?
All of the above
Study Notes
Antibiotics
- Antibiotics are chemical substances derived from microorganisms that can inhibit or kill bacteria.
Types of Antibiotics
- Broad Spectrum Antibiotics: effective against many species of bacteria
- Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics: effective against a few species of bacteria
Mechanism of Action
- Bactericidal: kills bacteria
- Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall
- Inhibits synthesis of protein and nucleic acid
- Disrupts chemical activity in bacteria
- Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth of bacteria
- Inhibits synthesis of protein
- Inhibits synthesis of folic acid (vitamin for brain)
General Indications
- Treats bacterial infections
- Dosage and duration of treatment vary depending on the type of infection and the patient's condition
Misuse of Antibiotics
- Using antibiotics for non-bacterial infections
- Self-medication with antibiotics
- Not completing the full dosage or taking antibiotics for the wrong duration
- Can lead to antibiotic resistance
Side Effects
- Hypersensitivity
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Destruction of normal flora (mouth, gut, and genital areas)
- Liver and kidney damage (with high doses or long-term use)
Types of Antibiotics
- Penicillins
- Broad Spectrum (Gram +ve)
- Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic
- Destroys bacterial cell wall
- Causes bacterial cells to swell, rupture, and die
- Cephalosporins
- Broad Spectrum (Gram +ve and Gram -ve)
- Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall
- Tetracyclines
- Broad Spectrum (Gram +ve and Gram -ve)
- Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria
Penicillins
- Natural Penicillins: Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), Phenoxymethyl Penicillin (Penicillin V)
- Semisynthetic Penicillins
- Indications: Urinary tract infections, Respiratory tract infections, Skin infections, Meningitis, Intra-abdominal infections, Gonorrhea, Syphilis
Cephalosporins
- Ceftazidime (Fortum)
- Indications: Urinary tract infections, Respiratory tract infections, Skin infections, Meningitis
- Dose: Adult: 1g q 8 hr IM/IV or 2g q 12 hr IM/IV
- Side Effects: Hypersensitivity, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Nephrotoxicity
Tetracyclines
- Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
- Indications: Urinary tract infections, Skin infections, Respiratory tract infections, Typhus fever
- Dose: Adult: 200mg PO on day 1, followed by 100mg/d PO
- Side Effects: Hypersensitivity, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Photosensitivity
This quiz covers the effects, side effects, and usage of antibiotics, including examples, doses, and administration. It also explores indications and contraindications of antibiotic use.
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