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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the ability of a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism without causing harm to the host cells?

Therapeutic index

Bioavailability

Selective toxicity (correct)

Bacteriostatic

What term is used for an antibiotic that inhibits the replication of microorganisms?

Bacteriostatic (correct)

Bactericidal

Prophylactic

Bioavailability

Why are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes able to have selective toxicity?

The antibiotic is destroyed by enzymes produced by human cells

Human cells do not have ribosomes

Bacteria absorb all the antibiotic leaving none for the human cell

Human ribosomes are different from bacterial ribosomes (correct)

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

Phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

Examples of first line of defense include:

Cilia, mucous and lysozymes Signup and view all the answers

Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.

Lysozymes Signup and view all the answers

The inflammatory response is characterized by:

Increased vascular permeability to serum proteins in the inflamed area. Signup and view all the answers

The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:

Dust, bites and infection Signup and view all the answers

One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:

Inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Examples of second lines of defense include:

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

Which nonspecific defense cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:

Interferons Signup and view all the answers

The main phagocytic cells in the body are:

Macrophages and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?

Formation of new epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:

Leakage of fluid into surrounding tissue due to increased permeability of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism produces endospores?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:

Cell wall structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?

Prion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?

Virus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?

Fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?

Virus Signup and view all the answers

An opportunistic infection is:

An infection caused by organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions Signup and view all the answers

An example of an endogenous infection would be:

An infection caused by organisms from the person's own gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare-associated infection is:

An infection acquired only in a healthcare facility Signup and view all the answers

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:

Can cause surgical wound infections Signup and view all the answers

A superbug is a microorganism which:

Is resistant to multiple types of antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:

Acquired whilst in a healthcare facility Signup and view all the answers

Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?

Urinary tract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonizes:

The nose Signup and view all the answers

A subclinical infection is:

An infection that does not produce any recognizable signs and symptoms Signup and view all the answers

The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:

Pharmacology Signup and view all the answers

Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:

In the form of a patch Signup and view all the answers

Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:

Toxicity Signup and view all the answers

The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:

Skin Signup and view all the answers

A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:

More potent Signup and view all the answers

In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:

Made synthetically Signup and view all the answers

Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:

Cells of the liver Signup and view all the answers

Polypharmacy is more common in patients:

With increasing age Signup and view all the answers

The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?

6.25 mg Signup and view all the answers

The extent of a drug's protein binding determines its:

Bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:

By poor vascularization at the site of administration Signup and view all the answers

Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:

As a suppository Signup and view all the answers

The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:

Louis Pasteur Signup and view all the answers

The infectious substance of a prion is:

Protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following possess its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?

Protozoa Signup and view all the answers

Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?

Robert Hooke Signup and view all the answers

Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is:

Fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?

Virus must invade a host cell in order to replicate. Signup and view all the answers

A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:

Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall and human body cells do not. Signup and view all the answers

When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?

Redness and heat Signup and view all the answers

Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?

Lysozymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the inflammatory phase?

Vasoconstriction to decrease blood flow in the injured tissue. Signup and view all the answers

The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body:

From all foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?

Natural killer cells and phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:

Normal urine flow Signup and view all the answers

Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:

Source Signup and view all the answers

In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:

The process by which microorganisms are transferred from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host. Signup and view all the answers

If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:

Indirect contact transmission Signup and view all the answers

The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called:

Reservoir Signup and view all the answers

A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is:

Vector transmission Signup and view all the answers

An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a:

Fomite Signup and view all the answers

The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is termed:

Translation Signup and view all the answers

The RNA used as a template to synthesize a protein on a ribosome is called:

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?

Inhibits cell wall synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What are probiotics?

Bacteria that promote good health in the digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed:

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called:

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of:

Inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Protein synthesis takes place on:

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?

They inhibit a pathway not present in human cells, thus targeting bacterial metabolism specifically. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System & Inflammatory Response

The second line of defense against microorganisms includes phagocytes, which engulf and digest pathogens.
First line of defense examples are cilia, mucous, and lysozymes that act as barriers to pathogens.
Saliva and tears contain lysozymes, enzymes that destruct specific bacteria.
Inflammatory response features increased vascular permeability, allowing serum proteins to enter inflamed areas, which helps in healing.
Acute inflammatory response can be triggered by factors like dust, bites, and infections.
Normal flora in the body inhibit harmful microorganisms, promoting overall health.
Natural killer cells are part of the second line of defense and target early cancer and virus-infected cells.
Interferons are chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected neighboring cells.
Phagocytes, primarily macrophages and neutrophils, are essential for engulfing pathogens.
The proliferative phase of wound healing focuses on forming new epithelial tissue to repair injury.
Swelling during acute inflammation is due to fluid leakage from increased blood vessel permeability.

Microorganisms & Infection

Bacteria are distinguished as gram-positive or gram-negative based on cell wall structure.
Only bacteria produce endospores, allowing survival in harsh conditions.
Prions are mutated proteins responsible for diseases like Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease, lacking nucleic acid.
Bacteria have cell walls and no nucleus, differentiating them from protozoa and viruses.
Viruses can only reproduce by invading host cells, utilizing the host's machinery for replication.
Structures like fimbriae in bacteria facilitate attachment to surfaces, enhancing infection potential.

Types of Infections

Opportunistic infections arise from organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions.
Endogenous infections stem from pathogens within a person, such as gastrointestinal flora.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are acquired in medical settings and involve a higher risk of antibiotic resistance.
Superbugs, resistant to multiple antibiotics, pose significant public health challenges.
The urinary tract is the most common site for hospital-acquired infections, mostly due to bacterial causes.

Drug Administration & Pharmacology

Pharmacology studies drug effects, use, and action mechanisms; therapeutic index indicates a drug's toxicity.
Transdermal administration typically involves patches; rectal administration usually involves suppositories.
Drug absorption barriers such as the skin play key roles, influencing overall efficacy.
High receptor affinity in drugs often correlates with increased potency.
Polypharmacy commonly occurs in older patients due to multiple prescriptions and associated health conditions.

Molecular Biology

Transcription involves creating mRNA from DNA, while translation synthesizes proteins from mRNA.
Antibiotics like penicillin inhibit cell wall synthesis; others target replication or protein synthesis.
Probiotics maintain digestive health by promoting beneficial bacteria.
Selective toxicity indicates a drug's ability to target pathogens without harming the host's cells.
Clear zones around antibiotic discs in tests denote susceptibility, referred to as zones of inhibition.

Infection & Transmission

Isolating infected individuals breaks the infection chain by targeting modes of transmission.
Fomites are objects that can transfer infectious agents, while vectors are living organisms transmitting pathogens.
Mechanical and indirect contact transmissions involve non-living and living carriers, respectively.
Modes of transmission require a reservoir to house pathogens; this could be human, animal, or environmental sources.

Scientists & Historical Context

Robert Koch is recognized for developing the germ theory of disease.
Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" in the scientific analysis of living organisms.
Prions are unique infectious agents distinguished primarily by their proteinaceous nature, lacking nucleic acids.### Human Cells vs. Prokaryotic Cells
Human cells do not have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do possess one.
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of a cell wall, unlike human body cells which lack this structure.
Human cells contain organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles.

Acute Inflammatory Response

Neutrophils are the white blood cells that enter the injury site during the Acute Inflammatory Response to engulf pathogens and dead cells.

Signs of Inflammation

Vasodilation contributes to swelling and redness, which are key signs of inflammation.

Antimicrobial Proteins

Lysozymes are antimicrobial proteins found in saliva and tears, providing a first line of defense against infections.

Innate Defense System

The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body from all foreign substances, not just specific types of pathogens.

Second Line of Defense

The body's second line of defense includes natural killer cells and phagocytes, which act to neutralize invading pathogens.

Urinary Tract Defense Mechanisms

Normal urine flow serves as an important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract, preventing the growth of pathogens.

Chain of Infection

Isolating an infected person is a strategy to break the chain of infection at the mode of transmission level, preventing further spread.

Mode of Transmission

In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to how microorganisms are transferred from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to antibiotics, including their ability to selectively target microorganisms while preserving host cell integrity. Test your understanding of terms such as selective toxicity and the mechanisms behind protein synthesis inhibition.