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What is the term for the ability of a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism without causing harm to the host cells?
What is the term for the ability of a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism without causing harm to the host cells?
What term is used for an antibiotic that inhibits the replication of microorganisms?
What term is used for an antibiotic that inhibits the replication of microorganisms?
Why are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes able to have selective toxicity?
Why are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes able to have selective toxicity?
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
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Examples of first line of defense include:
Examples of first line of defense include:
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Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.
Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.
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The inflammatory response is characterized by:
The inflammatory response is characterized by:
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The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:
The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:
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One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:
One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:
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Examples of second lines of defense include:
Examples of second lines of defense include:
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Which nonspecific defense cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
Which nonspecific defense cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
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A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:
A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:
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The main phagocytic cells in the body are:
The main phagocytic cells in the body are:
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Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?
Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?
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Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:
Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:
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Which type of microorganism produces endospores?
Which type of microorganism produces endospores?
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Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:
Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:
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Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?
Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?
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Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?
Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?
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Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?
Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?
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Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?
Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?
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Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?
Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?
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An opportunistic infection is:
An opportunistic infection is:
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An example of an endogenous infection would be:
An example of an endogenous infection would be:
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A healthcare-associated infection is:
A healthcare-associated infection is:
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Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:
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A superbug is a microorganism which:
A superbug is a microorganism which:
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A healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:
A healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:
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Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?
Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?
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Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?
Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonizes:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonizes:
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A subclinical infection is:
A subclinical infection is:
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The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:
The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:
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Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:
Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:
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Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:
Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:
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The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:
The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:
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A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:
A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:
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In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:
In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:
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Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:
Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:
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Polypharmacy is more common in patients:
Polypharmacy is more common in patients:
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The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?
The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?
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The extent of a drug's protein binding determines its:
The extent of a drug's protein binding determines its:
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The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:
The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:
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Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:
Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:
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The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:
The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:
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The infectious substance of a prion is:
The infectious substance of a prion is:
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Which of the following possess its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?
Which of the following possess its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?
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Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?
Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?
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Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is:
Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces is:
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Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?
Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?
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A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:
A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:
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When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?
When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?
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During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?
During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?
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Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?
Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?
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Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the inflammatory phase?
Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the inflammatory phase?
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The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body:
The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body:
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Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?
Which of the following are the body's second line of defense?
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An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:
An important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:
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Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:
Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:
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In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:
In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:
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If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:
If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:
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The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called:
The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called:
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A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is:
A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is:
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An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a:
An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a:
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The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is termed:
The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is termed:
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The RNA used as a template to synthesize a protein on a ribosome is called:
The RNA used as a template to synthesize a protein on a ribosome is called:
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Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?
Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?
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What are probiotics?
What are probiotics?
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The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed:
The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed:
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The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called:
The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called:
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In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of:
In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of:
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Protein synthesis takes place on:
Protein synthesis takes place on:
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How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?
How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?
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Study Notes
Immune System & Inflammatory Response
- The second line of defense against microorganisms includes phagocytes, which engulf and digest pathogens.
- First line of defense examples are cilia, mucous, and lysozymes that act as barriers to pathogens.
- Saliva and tears contain lysozymes, enzymes that destruct specific bacteria.
- Inflammatory response features increased vascular permeability, allowing serum proteins to enter inflamed areas, which helps in healing.
- Acute inflammatory response can be triggered by factors like dust, bites, and infections.
- Normal flora in the body inhibit harmful microorganisms, promoting overall health.
- Natural killer cells are part of the second line of defense and target early cancer and virus-infected cells.
- Interferons are chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected neighboring cells.
- Phagocytes, primarily macrophages and neutrophils, are essential for engulfing pathogens.
- The proliferative phase of wound healing focuses on forming new epithelial tissue to repair injury.
- Swelling during acute inflammation is due to fluid leakage from increased blood vessel permeability.
Microorganisms & Infection
- Bacteria are distinguished as gram-positive or gram-negative based on cell wall structure.
- Only bacteria produce endospores, allowing survival in harsh conditions.
- Prions are mutated proteins responsible for diseases like Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease, lacking nucleic acid.
- Bacteria have cell walls and no nucleus, differentiating them from protozoa and viruses.
- Viruses can only reproduce by invading host cells, utilizing the host's machinery for replication.
- Structures like fimbriae in bacteria facilitate attachment to surfaces, enhancing infection potential.
Types of Infections
- Opportunistic infections arise from organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions.
- Endogenous infections stem from pathogens within a person, such as gastrointestinal flora.
- Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are acquired in medical settings and involve a higher risk of antibiotic resistance.
- Superbugs, resistant to multiple antibiotics, pose significant public health challenges.
- The urinary tract is the most common site for hospital-acquired infections, mostly due to bacterial causes.
Drug Administration & Pharmacology
- Pharmacology studies drug effects, use, and action mechanisms; therapeutic index indicates a drug's toxicity.
- Transdermal administration typically involves patches; rectal administration usually involves suppositories.
- Drug absorption barriers such as the skin play key roles, influencing overall efficacy.
- High receptor affinity in drugs often correlates with increased potency.
- Polypharmacy commonly occurs in older patients due to multiple prescriptions and associated health conditions.
Molecular Biology
- Transcription involves creating mRNA from DNA, while translation synthesizes proteins from mRNA.
- Antibiotics like penicillin inhibit cell wall synthesis; others target replication or protein synthesis.
- Probiotics maintain digestive health by promoting beneficial bacteria.
- Selective toxicity indicates a drug's ability to target pathogens without harming the host's cells.
- Clear zones around antibiotic discs in tests denote susceptibility, referred to as zones of inhibition.
Infection & Transmission
- Isolating infected individuals breaks the infection chain by targeting modes of transmission.
- Fomites are objects that can transfer infectious agents, while vectors are living organisms transmitting pathogens.
- Mechanical and indirect contact transmissions involve non-living and living carriers, respectively.
- Modes of transmission require a reservoir to house pathogens; this could be human, animal, or environmental sources.
Scientists & Historical Context
- Robert Koch is recognized for developing the germ theory of disease.
- Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" in the scientific analysis of living organisms.
- Prions are unique infectious agents distinguished primarily by their proteinaceous nature, lacking nucleic acids.### Human Cells vs. Prokaryotic Cells
- Human cells do not have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do possess one.
- Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of a cell wall, unlike human body cells which lack this structure.
- Human cells contain organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles.
Acute Inflammatory Response
- Neutrophils are the white blood cells that enter the injury site during the Acute Inflammatory Response to engulf pathogens and dead cells.
Signs of Inflammation
- Vasodilation contributes to swelling and redness, which are key signs of inflammation.
Antimicrobial Proteins
- Lysozymes are antimicrobial proteins found in saliva and tears, providing a first line of defense against infections.
Innate Defense System
- The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body from all foreign substances, not just specific types of pathogens.
Second Line of Defense
- The body's second line of defense includes natural killer cells and phagocytes, which act to neutralize invading pathogens.
Urinary Tract Defense Mechanisms
- Normal urine flow serves as an important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract, preventing the growth of pathogens.
Chain of Infection
- Isolating an infected person is a strategy to break the chain of infection at the mode of transmission level, preventing further spread.
Mode of Transmission
- In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to how microorganisms are transferred from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts related to antibiotics, including their ability to selectively target microorganisms while preserving host cell integrity. Test your understanding of terms such as selective toxicity and the mechanisms behind protein synthesis inhibition.
