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Immune System & Inflammatory Response

• The second line of defense against microorganisms includes phagocytes, which engulf and digest pathogens.
• First line of defense examples are cilia, mucous, and lysozymes that act as barriers to pathogens.
• Saliva and tears contain lysozymes, enzymes that destruct specific bacteria.
• Inflammatory response features increased vascular permeability, allowing serum proteins to enter inflamed areas, which helps in healing.
• Acute inflammatory response can be triggered by factors like dust, bites, and infections.
• Normal flora in the body inhibit harmful microorganisms, promoting overall health.
• Natural killer cells are part of the second line of defense and target early cancer and virus-infected cells.
• Interferons are chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected neighboring cells.
• Phagocytes, primarily macrophages and neutrophils, are essential for engulfing pathogens.
• The proliferative phase of wound healing focuses on forming new epithelial tissue to repair injury.
• Swelling during acute inflammation is due to fluid leakage from increased blood vessel permeability.

Microorganisms & Infection

• Bacteria are distinguished as gram-positive or gram-negative based on cell wall structure.
• Only bacteria produce endospores, allowing survival in harsh conditions.
• Prions are mutated proteins responsible for diseases like Mad Cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease, lacking nucleic acid.
• Bacteria have cell walls and no nucleus, differentiating them from protozoa and viruses.
• Viruses can only reproduce by invading host cells, utilizing the host's machinery for replication.
• Structures like fimbriae in bacteria facilitate attachment to surfaces, enhancing infection potential.

Types of Infections

• Opportunistic infections arise from organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions.
• Endogenous infections stem from pathogens within a person, such as gastrointestinal flora.
• Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are acquired in medical settings and involve a higher risk of antibiotic resistance.
• Superbugs, resistant to multiple antibiotics, pose significant public health challenges.
• The urinary tract is the most common site for hospital-acquired infections, mostly due to bacterial causes.

Drug Administration & Pharmacology

• Pharmacology studies drug effects, use, and action mechanisms; therapeutic index indicates a drug's toxicity.
• Transdermal administration typically involves patches; rectal administration usually involves suppositories.
• Drug absorption barriers such as the skin play key roles, influencing overall efficacy.
• High receptor affinity in drugs often correlates with increased potency.
• Polypharmacy commonly occurs in older patients due to multiple prescriptions and associated health conditions.

Molecular Biology

• Transcription involves creating mRNA from DNA, while translation synthesizes proteins from mRNA.
• Antibiotics like penicillin inhibit cell wall synthesis; others target replication or protein synthesis.
• Probiotics maintain digestive health by promoting beneficial bacteria.
• Selective toxicity indicates a drug's ability to target pathogens without harming the host's cells.
• Clear zones around antibiotic discs in tests denote susceptibility, referred to as zones of inhibition.

Infection & Transmission

• Isolating infected individuals breaks the infection chain by targeting modes of transmission.
• Fomites are objects that can transfer infectious agents, while vectors are living organisms transmitting pathogens.
• Mechanical and indirect contact transmissions involve non-living and living carriers, respectively.
• Modes of transmission require a reservoir to house pathogens; this could be human, animal, or environmental sources.

Scientists & Historical Context

• Robert Koch is recognized for developing the germ theory of disease.
• Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" in the scientific analysis of living organisms.
• Prions are unique infectious agents distinguished primarily by their proteinaceous nature, lacking nucleic acids.### Human Cells vs. Prokaryotic Cells
• Human cells do not have a true nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do possess one.
• Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of a cell wall, unlike human body cells which lack this structure.
• Human cells contain organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles.

Acute Inflammatory Response

• Neutrophils are the white blood cells that enter the injury site during the Acute Inflammatory Response to engulf pathogens and dead cells.

Signs of Inflammation

• Vasodilation contributes to swelling and redness, which are key signs of inflammation.

Antimicrobial Proteins

• Lysozymes are antimicrobial proteins found in saliva and tears, providing a first line of defense against infections.

Innate Defense System

• The innate defense system is always prepared to protect the body from all foreign substances, not just specific types of pathogens.

Second Line of Defense

• The body's second line of defense includes natural killer cells and phagocytes, which act to neutralize invading pathogens.

Urinary Tract Defense Mechanisms

• Normal urine flow serves as an important innate defense mechanism in the urinary tract, preventing the growth of pathogens.

Chain of Infection

• Isolating an infected person is a strategy to break the chain of infection at the mode of transmission level, preventing further spread.

Mode of Transmission

• In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to how microorganisms are transferred from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host.

This quiz explores key concepts related to antibiotics, including their ability to selectively target microorganisms while preserving host cell integrity. Test your understanding of terms such as selective toxicity and the mechanisms behind protein synthesis inhibition.