Antibiotics and Bacterial Infections
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of action of antibiotics such as cephalosporins and carbapenems?

  • Inhibiting protein synthesis
  • Inhibiting cell wall formation (correct)
  • Damaging the bacterial cell membrane
  • Inhibiting DNA replication

    • Which of the following antibiotics is commonly used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis?

  • Moxifloxacin (correct)
  • Tetracycline
  • Sulfacetamide
  • Linezolid

    • What is the primary cause of trachoma?

  • Chlamydia trachomatis infection (correct)
  • Haemophilus influenzae infection
  • Streptococcal infection
  • Pneumococcal infection

    • Which of the following is NOT a common bacterial infection?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of bacterial conjunctivitis?

    <p>5-7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is commonly used to treat trachoma?

    <p>Azithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of otitis media?

    <p>Viral URI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication of trachoma?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of otitis externa?

    <p>Heat and retained moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary bacterium responsible for causing Lyme disease?

    <p>Borrelia burgdorferi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for peritonsillar abscess?

    <p>Surgical I&amp;D + antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is NOT a treatment option for MRSA?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of strep throat?

    <p>Group A Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of pyogenes?

    <p>Red papular lesions that evolve to pustules, honeycomb-like crusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the topical otic antibiotic suspension used to treat otitis externa?

    <p>Cortisporin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the antibiotic suspension used to treat otitis media?

    <p>Amoxil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical etiology of cellulitis?

    <p>C.pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted fever?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of untreated peritonsillar abscess?

    <p>ENT emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a secondary complication of Lyme disease?

    <p>Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for impetigo?

    <p>Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common etiology of otitis media?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical etiology of CAP pneumonia?

    <p>S.pneumo, H.influenzae, S.aureus, K.pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is a treatment option for animal bites?

    <p>Amoxicillin/clavulanate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line treatment for H. Pylori infection?

    <p>Quadruple therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of urethritis?

    <p>H. pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary etiologic agent of diverticulitis?

    <p>Enterobacteriaceae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for severe C. difficile colitis?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of diverticulitis?

    <p>LLQ pain + tenderness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for developing C. difficile colitis?

    <p>Previous antibiotics use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for community-acquired pneumonia in a previously healthy individual?

    <p>Clarithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic presentation of C. difficile colitis?

    <p>Malodorous diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary causative agent of syphilis?

    <p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for uncomplicated UTIs in non-pregnant women?

    <p>Azithromycin single dose PO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common presentation of trachomatis infection?

    <p>Mucopurulent urethral discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Chlamydia infection?

    <p>Azithromycin single dose PO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of UTIs?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the presentation of secondary syphilis?

    <p>Skin/mucous membrane rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Gonorrhea infection?

    <p>Ceftriaxone IM + azithromycin single dose PO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that encompasses cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria?

    <p>Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Antibiotics and Bacterial Infections

    • Antibiotics can be classified into different categories, including:
      • Cell wall inhibitors (e.g., PNCs, cephalosporins, carbapenems)
      • Protein synthesis inhibitors (e.g., AGs, tetracyclines, macrolides, linezolid, mupirocin)
      • Antifolate drugs
      • Fluoroquinolones

    Common Bacterial Infections

    • Bacterial conjunctivitis:
      • Inflammation of conjunctiva from infection
      • Self-limited, usually resolves in 5-7 days
      • Presentation: conjunctival erythema, eyelid edema, mucopurulent discharge, crusting
      • Treatments: tobramycin ophthalmic solution, neomycin/polymixin/gramicidin ophthalmic solution, moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution
    • Trachoma:
      • Highly contagious ocular infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
      • Presentation: roughening of inner surface of eye, corneal breakdown, eye discharge, light sensitivity
      • Treatments: azithromycin single dose, sulfacetamide ophthalmic solution, tetracycline ophthalmic solution/ointment
    • Otitis media:
      • Typically follows viral URI which can directly cause viral OM or predispose to bacterial OM
      • Etiology: S. pneumoniae (35%), H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, viruses
      • Presentation: immobile, erythematous tympanic membrane; otalgia, otorrhea, fever
      • Treatment: mild-to-moderate resolves within 1 week without treatment; NSAIDs, amoxicillin, cefdinir, azithromycin
    • Otitis externa:
      • Results from combination of heat and retained moisture with desquamation and maceration of epithelium of canal
      • Etiology: P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae
      • Presentation: ear discharge, pain with palpation of tragus/pinna, ear canal edema and discomfort
      • Treatment: topical otic antibiotics ± topical steroids; neomycin/polymyxin/hydrocortisone otic suspension, ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension
    • Strep throat:
      • Pharyngeal infection caused by GAS (S. pyogenes)
      • Presentation: sore throat, fever, chills, purulent tonsillar exudate, cervical lymphadenopathy
      • Treatments: penicillin V, 1G cephalosporin (cephalexin) if PCN allergic, clindamycin if allergic to PCN + cephalosporins due to resistance to macrolides
    • Peritonsillar abscess:
      • Also called quinsy, complication of tonsillitis
      • Consists of collection of pus in peritonsillar space; considered an ENT emergency
      • Etiology: oral flora including anaerobes, GAS
      • Presentation: severe unilateral sore throat, dysphagia, dysphonia, referred otalgia, "hot potato voice", lymphadenopathy, trismus
      • Treatment: surgical I&D + antibiotics; clindamycin or metronidazole + benzathine penicillin G
    • Impetigo:
      • Superficial skin infection seen in young children
      • Etiology: S. aureus, S. pyogenes
      • Presentation: red papular lesions that evolve to pustules, honeycomb-like crusting affecting facial areas
      • Treatment: mupirocin topical, dicloxacillin or cephalexin if extensive
    • Cellulitis:
      • Bacterial infection of skin; bacteria enter through cuts, scratches, burns, incisions, catheters, etc.
      • Etiology: MRSA, MSSA, P. multocida (cat/dog bites), E. corrodens (human bite), P. aeruginosa (penetrating injury)
      • Presentation: localized pain, erythema, swelling, heat
      • Treatment: depends on the cause; amoxicillin/clavulanate, dicloxacillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, or linezolid
    • Rocky Mountain Spotted fever:
      • Tick/mite-born illness
      • Transmitted by American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) and Rocky Mountain wood tick (D. andersoni)
      • Etiology: R. rickettsii
      • Presentation: evolving macular rash; rarely CNS involvement, hypovolemia, hypotension, renal failure
      • Treatment: doxycycline, chloramphenicol if pregnant or allergic
    • Lyme disease:
      • Spirochetal infection transmitted by ticks (Ixodes scapularis)
      • Etiology: B. burgdorferi
      • Presentation: ECM (stage 1), nonspecific symptoms like headache, musculoskeletal pain, neurological deficits (stage 2), arthritis (stage 3)
      • Treatment: doxycycline, amoxicillin, cefuroxime, or erythromycin as alternative agents
    • CAP pneumonia:
      • Infection of lung parenchyma
      • Etiology: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa; atypicals like M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Legionella spp.
      • Presentation: fever, chills, cough, sweats, pleuritic chest pain, and dyspnea
      • Treatment: clarithromycin, azithromycin, or doxycycline if previously healthy and no antibiotics in past 3 months; respiratory fluoroquinolone (e.g., moxifloxacin or levofloxacin) if co-morbidities or previous antibiotic use
    • Diverticulitis:
      • Digestive disease in which pouches form within the bowel wall
      • Etiology: Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa, Bacteroides spp., and enterococci
      • Presentation: left lower quadrant pain + tenderness, fever, elevated WBC count
      • Treatment: ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole, alternative agents include TMP/SMX, amoxicillin/clavulanate
    • H. pylori infection:
      • Colonizes 100% of people with duodenal ulcer, 80% of gastric ulcer
      • Etiology: H. pylori
      • Presentation: burning epigastric pain 90 minutes to 3 hours after eating (duodenal ulcer) or worse with eating/unrelated (gastric ulcer)
      • Treatment: quadruple therapy first-line
    • C. difficile colitis:
      • Diarrheal illness
      • Most commonly acquired in hospital
      • All antibiotics have risk of C. difficile infection
      • Etiology: C. difficile
      • Presentation: malodorous diarrhea, up to 20 bowel movements per day
      • Treatment: metronidazole for mild-moderate disease, vancomycin for severe disease
    • Urethritis:
      • Commonly caused by N. gonorrhea or C. trachomatis
      • Presentation: mucopurulent urethral discharge
      • Treatment: gonorrhea - single dose of ceftriaxone IM + azithromycin single dose PO, cefpodoxime PO, or cefixime PO; chlamydia - azithromycin single dose PO, doxycycline PO x 7 days
    • Syphilis:
      • Spirochetal infection caused by T. pallidum
      • Presentation: painless chancre (1°), skin/mucous membrane rash (2°), symptomless (latent), neurological/cardiovascular symptoms (3°)
      • Treatment: benzathine penicillin G single dose, tetracycline or doxycycline x 2 weeks if allergic
    • UTIs:
      • Term encompasses cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria
      • Uncomplicated UTI refers to acute disease in non-pregnant outpatient women without abnormalities or instrumentation; complicated UTIs refers to all other UTIs
      • Etiology: E. coli (75-90%), S. saprophyticus, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp.
      • Presentation: dysuria, frequency/urgency (cystitis); fever, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, nausea/vomiting (pyelonephritis); dysuria, frequency, chills, prostatic/perineal pain (prostatitis)

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    Description

    This quiz covers the classification of antibiotics and common bacterial infections, including conjunctivitis. Test your knowledge of cell wall inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, and more.

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