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Antibiotics
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Antibiotics

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Questions and Answers

Who first discovered that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus failed to grow in the area contaminated by Penicillium notatum?

  • Alexander Fleming (correct)
  • Howard Florey
  • Ernst Chain
  • Pfizer

    • In what year was Penicillin made available orally to the public without prescription?

  • 1950
  • 1945 (correct)
  • 1940
  • 1942

    • Which bacteria produce about 70% of known antibiotics?

  • Streptomyces (correct)
  • Penicillium
  • Staphylococcus
  • Pfizer

    • Who successfully achieved mass production of Penicillin using deep-tank fermentation techniques?

    <p>Pfizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine for the discovery of Penicillin?

    <p>Fleming, Florey, and Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine awarded for the discovery of Penicillin?

    <p>1950</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mold was first used for the production of Penicillin?

    <p>Penicillium notatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism was found to produce 100 times more Penicillin than the original Penicillium mould (notatum)?

    <p>Penicillium chrysogenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the original Penicillium mould (notatum) found to produce less than 10 units per ml of broth?

    <p>1943</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who initiated human trials for the purified penicillin mold by injecting it into live mice?

    <p>Howard Florey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did the industrial evolution of penicillin production begin?

    <p>1929</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company achieved mass production of Penicillin using deep-tank fermentation techniques in 1942?

    <p>Pfizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to identify suitable antibiotics?

    <p>The Disk-Diffusion Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of methicillin?

    <p>Inhibiting a protein used by bacteria in their cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of exposure to methicillin for MRSA strains?

    <p>More likely to survive and reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to find new antibiotics?

    <p>Teixobactin discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the emergence of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Misuse of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of combining two antibiotics in synergism?

    <p>The effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of X-irradiation in strain selection?

    <p>300-500 colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of S. aureus becoming resistant to methicillin in 1961?

    <p>Two years after it was first widely used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the resistance to antibiotics in animal feed?

    <p>Using antibiotics in animal feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of using outdated or weakened antibiotics?

    <p>Selects for resistance mutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of broad-spectrum penicillins?

    <p>Broader range of activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemical mutagenesis in strain selection?

    <p>1500-2000 colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first to discover that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus failed to grow in the area contaminated by Penicillium notatum?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was Penicillin made available orally to the public without prescription?

    <p>1945</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who successfully achieved mass production of Penicillin using deep-tank fermentation techniques?

    <p>Pfizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who initiated human trials for the purified penicillin mold by injecting it into live mice?

    <p>Howard Florey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine awarded for the discovery of Penicillin?

    <p>1940</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mold was first used for the production of Penicillin?

    <p>Penicillium notatum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the original Penicillium mould (notatum) found to produce less than 10 units per ml of broth?

    <p>1943</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine for the discovery of Penicillin?

    <p>Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antibiotics?

    <p>Compounds produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria produce about 70% of known antibiotics?

    <p>Streptomyces bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the yield of the original Penicillium mould (notatum) in 1929?

    <p>2-20 units/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered that Penicillin was first produced by Penicillium notatum?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Teixobactin, a new class of antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibition of cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?

    <p>Exposure to methicillin selecting for survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ichip in antibiotic discovery?

    <p>Opening new environments for antibiotic discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions?

    <p>Misuse leading to selection for resistance mutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failing to complete the prescribed antibiotic regimen?

    <p>Selection for resistance mutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the combination of penicillin with potassium clavulanate (an inhibitor of penicillinase)?

    <p>Overcoming resistance due to penicillinase production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of X-irradiation in strain selection?

    <p>Inducing mutations for strain selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of broad-spectrum penicillins?

    <p>Inhibition of cell wall synthesis in bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the resistance to antibiotics in animal feed?

    <p>Misuse of antibiotics in animal feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of exposure to outdated or weakened antibiotics?

    <p>Selection for resistance mutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to identify suitable antibiotics?

    <p>The Disk-Diffusion Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of combining two antibiotics in synergism?

    <p>The effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

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