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Questions and Answers
Which generation of cephalosporins is typically used to treat Pseudomonas infections?
Which generation of cephalosporins is typically used to treat Pseudomonas infections?
- 2nd Generation
- 4th Generation (correct)
- 5th Generation
- 1st Generation
Aztreonam (a monobactam) is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Aztreonam (a monobactam) is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
False (B)
What is the primary mechanism of action of azole antifungals?
What is the primary mechanism of action of azole antifungals?
inhibit ergosterol synthesis
The class of antibiotics ending in '-floxacin' are known as ______.
The class of antibiotics ending in '-floxacin' are known as ______.
Match the following antimicrobial drugs with their primary use:
Match the following antimicrobial drugs with their primary use:
Which of the following medications is a glycopeptide antibiotic?
Which of the following medications is a glycopeptide antibiotic?
Clindamycin is a good choice for treating mild skin infections because it has a low risk of causing C. difficile infection.
Clindamycin is a good choice for treating mild skin infections because it has a low risk of causing C. difficile infection.
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir and valacyclovir against HSV and VZV?
What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir and valacyclovir against HSV and VZV?
Isoniazid (INH) is an anti-TB drug that works by inhibiting the synthesis of ______ acid.
Isoniazid (INH) is an anti-TB drug that works by inhibiting the synthesis of ______ acid.
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) works against influenza by which mechanism?
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) works against influenza by which mechanism?
Remdesivir, used in the treatment of COVID-19, is an example of a protease inhibitor.
Remdesivir, used in the treatment of COVID-19, is an example of a protease inhibitor.
Name the antibiotic class that inhibits the bacterial enzyme arabinosyl transferase.
Name the antibiotic class that inhibits the bacterial enzyme arabinosyl transferase.
The anti-COVID-19 drug Paxlovid contains nirmatrelvir, which functions as a ______ inhibitor.
The anti-COVID-19 drug Paxlovid contains nirmatrelvir, which functions as a ______ inhibitor.
Which of the following is NOT a common use for tetracyclines?
Which of the following is NOT a common use for tetracyclines?
Truvada and Descovy, used for HIV PrEP, both contain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).
Truvada and Descovy, used for HIV PrEP, both contain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).
Match the following medications with their antibiotic class:
Match the following medications with their antibiotic class:
Which antibiotic is typically reserved for serious gram-negative infections and often used in synergy with beta-lactams?
Which antibiotic is typically reserved for serious gram-negative infections and often used in synergy with beta-lactams?
Monoclonal antibodies used to treat COVID-19 target the virus by inhibiting replication enzymes.
Monoclonal antibodies used to treat COVID-19 target the virus by inhibiting replication enzymes.
For what specific infection is oral vancomycin indicated?
For what specific infection is oral vancomycin indicated?
Rifamycins are used in combination with other drugs to treat tuberculosis and can also be used to treat ______ infections associated with prosthetic materials.
Rifamycins are used in combination with other drugs to treat tuberculosis and can also be used to treat ______ infections associated with prosthetic materials.
Flashcards
Beta-Lactams
Beta-Lactams
Inhibit cell wall synthesis in bacteria by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
Penicillins (PCN)
Penicillins (PCN)
Includes Amoxicillin, Nafcillin, Piperacillin.
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins
1st Gen: Cephalexin – skin, UTI; 2nd Gen: Cefuroxime – sinus, respiratory; 3rd Gen: Ceftriaxone – pneumonia, meningitis, gonorrhea; 4th Gen: Cefepime – Pseudomonas; 5th Gen: Ceftaroline – MRSA
Carbapenems
Carbapenems
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Monobactams
Monobactams
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Macrolides
Macrolides
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Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines
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Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides
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Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones
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Glycopeptides
Glycopeptides
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Sulfonamides
Sulfonamides
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Oxazolidinones
Oxazolidinones
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Nitroimidazoles
Nitroimidazoles
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Rifamycins
Rifamycins
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Nitrofurans
Nitrofurans
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Lincosamides
Lincosamides
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Nucleoside analogs
Nucleoside analogs
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Tuberculosis (TB) drugs
Tuberculosis (TB) drugs
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Influenza drugs
Influenza drugs
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COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) drugs
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) drugs
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Study Notes
Antibiotic Drug Classes
- Beta-Lactams include Penicillins (Amoxicillin, Nafcillin, Piperacillin), Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, and Monobactams.
- Cephalosporins have different generations:
- 1st Gen (Cephalexin) is used for skin and UTIs.
- 2nd Gen (Cefuroxime) is used for sinus and respiratory infections.
- 3rd Gen (Ceftriaxone) is used for pneumonia, meningitis, and gonorrhea.
- 4th Gen (Cefepime) is used for Pseudomonas infections.
- 5th Gen (Ceftaroline) is used for MRSA infections.
- Carbapenems (Meropenem, Imipenem) have a very broad spectrum.
- Monobactams (Aztreonam) are effective against gram-negatives and suitable for penicillin allergy.
- Macrolides (-thromycin such as Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin) target atypicals (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia), STIs, respiratory infections, and some Gram-positive bacteria.
- Tetracyclines (-cycline such as Doxycycline, Minocycline) are used for MRSA, acne, tick-borne illnesses (Lyme, RMSF), and atypicals.
- Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin) are used for serious gram-negative infections and show synergy with beta-lactams.
- Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin such as Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin) are broad-spectrum antibiotics used for UTIs, GI infections, pneumonia (Levo/Moxi), and anthrax.
- Glycopeptides (Vancomycin) are used for Gram-positive organisms including MRSA, and orally for C. diff.
- Sulfonamides (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole/Bactrim) are used for MRSA, UTIs, and PCP pneumonia.
- Oxazolidinones (Linezolid) are used for MRSA, VRE, and pneumonia.
- Nitroimidazoles (Metronidazole/Flagyl) are used for anaerobes, C. diff, and Trichomoniasis.
- Rifamycins (Rifampin) are used for TB in combination with other drugs and can also treat MRSA in prosthetic infections.
- Nitrofurans (Nitrofurantoin) are used for UTIs only, not for pyelonephritis.
- Lincosamides (Clindamycin) treat skin/soft tissue infections, MRSA, and anaerobes, but have a high risk of C. Diff.
Antivirals
- Nucleoside analogs (DNA polymerase inhibitors) like Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, and Famciclovir inhibit viral DNA synthesis and treat Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) & Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV).
- Rifamycins (Rifampin, Rifabutin), Isoniazid (INH), Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol are used to treat Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Isoniazid (INH) inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.
- Pyrazinamide works best in acidic environments via an unknown mechanism.
- Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl transferase, which affects cell wall synthesis.
- Neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir/Tamiflu, Zanamivir) and Endonuclease inhibitors (Baloxavir marboxil) are used to treat Influenza.
- Oseltamivir and Zanamivir inhibits viral release.
- Baloxavir marboxil blocks mRNA synthesis.
- RNA polymerase inhibitors (Remdesivir), Protease inhibitors (Nirmatrelvir in Paxlovid), and Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).
- Remdesivir inhibits viral replication enzymes.
- Nirmatrelvir is a protease inhibitor
Antifungals
- Azoles (Fluconazole, Itraconazole) inhibit ergosterol synthesis by blocking fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme, lanosterol 14α-demethylase.
- Fluconazole is used for Candida and Cryptococcus infections.
- Itraconazole is used for Histoplasma and Blastomyces infections.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
- NRTIs block reverse transcription of viral RNA to DNA in early HIV replication.
- They prevent HIV infection in high-risk HIV-negative individuals.
- Common PrEP Medications:
- Truvada contains Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) + Emtricitabine and is approved for all genders, including for receptive vaginal sex.
- Descovy contains Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) + Emtricitabine and is approved for men and transgender women (but not yet for vaginal sex).
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