Anti-hypertensive Medications Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common side effect of 1st generation non-selective beta blockers?

  • Hypotension (correct)
  • Shortness of breath
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Hypertension

    • Which condition should beta blockers be contraindicated in?

  • Migraine
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes (correct)
  • Glaucoma

    • What type of beta blocker is nebivolol classified as?

  • 1st generation non-selective
  • 3rd generation non-selective
  • 2nd generation cardioselective
  • 3rd generation selective (correct)

    • What is the primary action of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Inhibits angiotensin II formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is associated with ARBS?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential contraindication for the use of loop diuretics?

    <p>Anuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is considered a K+ sparing diuretic?

    <p>Spironolactone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common indication for the use of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant side effect of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors target?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could lead to the use of carvedilol?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the side effects of diuretics is true?

    <p>Loop diuretics can lead to hypokalemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which indication is specific to beta blocker use?

    <p>Migraine prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dihydropyridines in hypertension management?

    <p>Cause vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anti-hypertensive Medications

    • Beta-Blockers: Reduce heart rate, AV conduction, and contractility by blocking beta-1 receptors. Beta-2 receptor blockade can cause bronchoconstriction.

      • First Generation (Non-selective): Propranolol, timolol, nadolol.

    • Side Effects: Hypotension, arrhythmias, sexual dysfunction, GI disturbances, bronchospasms, bradycardia, masking hypoglycemia.

    • Indications: Arrhythmias, hypertension, glaucoma (timolol), migraine prophylaxis (propranolol).

    • Contraindications: Asthma, COPD, AV block, cardiogenic shock, diabetes, hepatic/renal impairment, Raynaud's phenomenon, hypotension.

      • Second Generation (Cardio-selective): Atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol.

    • Side Effects: Depression, erectile dysfunction, arrhythmias, fatigue, dizziness, masking hypoglycemia, bradycardia.

    • Indications: Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, heart failure, glaucoma.

    • Contraindications: Asthma, COPD, Raynaud's phenomenon, AV block, cardiogenic shock, hepatic/renal impairment, diabetes.

      • Third Generation (Non-selective): Carvedilol, labetalol.

    • Action: Blocks beta-1 & beta-2 receptors, and alpha-1 receptors causing vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

    • Side Effects: Bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, hypotension, fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea.

    • Indications: Hypertension, pregnancy, heart failure (carvedilol).

    • Contraindications: Asthma, COPD, AV block, cardiogenic shock, Raynaud's phenomenon, hepatic/renal impairment, diabetes, bradycardia, hypotension.

      • Third Generation (Selective): Nebivolol, betaxolol.

    • Action: Blocks beta-1 receptors. Nebivolol increases nitric oxide (vasodilator). Betaxolol blocks calcium channels.

    • Side Effects: Hypotension, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, dizziness.

    • Indications: Hypertension, angina, heart failure (nebivolol).

    • Contraindications: Pregnancy, diabetes, AV block, cardiogenic shock, asthma, COPD, hepatic/renal impairment, Raynaud's phenomenon.

    RAAS Inhibitors

    • ACE Inhibitors: (Prils) Inhibit the ACE enzyme, preventing angiotensin II formation, causing vasodilation and reduced blood pressure. Bradykinin is not inhibited, leading to more vasodilation.

    • Side Effects: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema.

    • Indications: Hypertension, heart failure.

    • Contraindications: Pregnancy, hyperkalemia.

    • ARBs: (Sartans) Inhibit AT1 receptors, reducing angiotensin II effects and aldosterone release leading to decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

    • Side Effects: Hyperkalemia, dizziness, leg swelling, headaches.

    • Indications: Hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetic nephropathy.

    • Contraindications: Pregnancy, hyperkalemia.

    Diuretics

    • Loop Diuretics: (Furosemide, torsemide) Inhibit NKCC in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, reducing sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption, promoting water loss.

    • Side Effects: Hypovolemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia.

    • Indications: Hypertension, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease.

    • Contraindications: Pregnancy, anuria, hypokalemia.

    • Thiazides: (Hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide) Inhibit NaCl reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.

    • Side Effects: Hypovolemia, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, erectile dysfunction, photosensitivity.

    • Indications: Hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes insipidus.

    • Contraindications: Pregnancy, gout, anuria.

    • Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: (Acetazolamide) Inhibit carbonic anhydrase enzyme, reducing sodium reabsorption.

    • Side Effects: Metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia.

    • Indications: Hypertension, glaucoma, congestive heart failure, metabolic alkalosis.

    • Contraindications: Pregnancy, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis.

    • Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: (Spironolactone, amiloride) Act in the collecting duct to reduce sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

    • Side Effects: Hypotension, gastrointestinal upset.

    • Indications: Congestive heart failure, liver disease, preventing hypokalemia.

    • Contraindications: Anuria, renal insufficiency, pregnancy, hypotension.

    Calcium Channel Blockers

    • Dihydropyridines: (Amlodipine, felodipine) Block calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle, causing vasodilation.

    • Side Effects: Peripheral edema, swollen gums, headaches, dizziness, flushing.

    • Indications: Hypertension, angina pectoris.

    • Contraindications: Heart failure, hypotension.

    • Non-dihydropyridines: (Verapamil, diltiazem) Block calcium channels in the heart (SA and AV nodes), slowing AV conduction, decreasing force, and heart rate.

    • Side Effects: Bradycardia, AV block, arrhythmia (verapamil—constipation).

    • Indications: Hypertension, arrhythmias, stable angina.

    • Contraindications: Heart failure, hypotension, beta blockers.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on anti-hypertensive medications, focusing on beta-blockers. This quiz includes details on first and second generation beta-blockers, their indications, side effects, and contraindications. Ideal for students in pharmacology or healthcare-related fields.

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