Anthropology and Human Nature

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'sacramental awareness'?

  • The desire to understand the mysteries of the universe and the meaning of life.
  • A deep understanding of human sexuality and its role in the world.
  • The ability to recognize and appreciate the subtle signs of God's presence in everyday life. (correct)
  • The belief in the sacredness of all creation and the interconnectedness of all things.

What is the key difference between 'sexuality' and 'sexualization'?

  • Sexuality is about physical attraction, while sexualization is about emotional intimacy.
  • Sexuality is about feelings and desires, while sexualization is about objectification and evaluation. (correct)
  • Sexuality is a personal experience, while sexualization is a social construct.
  • Sexuality is a natural instinct, while sexualization is a learned behavior.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a 'living sacrament'?

  • A strong sense of individualism and self-reliance. (correct)
  • Selfless devotion to helping others.
  • A deep understanding and appreciation of God's creation.
  • The ability to see the sacred in the everyday world.

What is the primary difference between atheism and agnosticism?

<p>Atheism is a denial of God's existence, while agnosticism is the uncertainty about God's existence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of the word 'symballien'?

<p>The state of being thrown together or in constant motion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Stole represent in the context of a priest's role?

<p>Authority to absolve sins and represent repentance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symbol signifies God’s presence in the various sacraments?

<p>A Cross or Crucifix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Anointing of the Sick represent?

<p>God’s loving concern for the ill and a sacrament of hope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Laying on of the Hands in Holy Orders?

<p>A Church authorization for the anointed to perform specific services (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the purpose of the New Covenant primarily remind us of?

<p>The sacrifice of Jesus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of sacramental dullness?

<p>Being too busy with daily life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sacramental awareness?

<p>Listening and looking deep into the world around you (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-symbolic sign?

<p>A red traffic light indicating 'stop' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color is typically associated with danger or passion?

<p>Red (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a petitionary prayer?

<p>To request something from God (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action can carry symbolic significance in a narrative?

<p>A physical journey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of prayer is primarily focused on worshipping God with love and reverence?

<p>Adoration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of symbolism in literature?

<p>Portraying a forest as a place of danger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a parable?

<p>To convey a moral lesson through a comparison (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a parable involves a transformation within the characters?

<p>A parable contains a crisis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which parable does a character exemplify unconditional love and forgiveness?

<p>The Prodigal Son (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Sower parable primarily illustrate about people's interactions with God's message?

<p>Diverse receptions to a single message (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of Jesus' parables?

<p>They often use everyday events for comparison (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for entering the Kingdom of God as highlighted through parables?

<p>Undergoing a conversion or change of heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Good Samaritan' parable teach about societal boundaries?

<p>Compassion and kindness transcend societal borders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Jesus use exotic and confusing descriptions in his parables about the Kingdom of God?

<p>To show the Kingdom of God is unlike anything known (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human nature does anthropology mainly focus on?

<p>The evolutionary history of humans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Hobbes, what is the natural state of humans?

<p>Selfish and destructive when unchecked (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's model, what role does the Ego play?

<p>It mediates between the Id and the Superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Friedrich Nietzsche argue drives all human activity?

<p>The Will to Power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of sociology in understanding human nature?

<p>Social relationships and their institutions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notion suggests that humans are primarily spiritual beings?

<p>Humans as spirits trapped inside a body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is central to Freud's understanding of human behavior?

<p>The interplay of Id, Ego, and Superego (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of unchecked selfishness, according to Hobbes?

<p>A state of continual conflict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Synoptic Gospels' refer to, as explained in the text?

<p>The first three Gospels, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, are called Synoptic because they share a similar view of Jesus and use common sources during their writing process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of Matthew?

<p>Matthew focuses on what Jesus said, while Mark focuses on what Jesus did. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Mary's 'yes' to the angel?

<p>Mary's 'yes' symbolizes her acceptance of God's will and her unwavering faith, illustrating her role as Jesus' first and greatest disciple. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Pentecost' event commemorate in the Christian faith?

<p>It commemorates the moment the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles, giving them the power to preach the Gospel and establish the Church. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'Metanoia' as described in the text?

<p>Metanoia refers to a complete transformation of one's life, moving from darkness and sin to light and holiness, becoming more like God. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Apostle's Creed, as presented in the text?

<p>To provide a concise summary of the central beliefs of Christianity, highlighting the core doctrines of faith that unify believers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Nicene Creed, as discussed in the text?

<p>To solidify the concept of the Holy Trinity, affirming the belief in God as a single entity existing in three distinct persons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of the doctrine of 'Perpetual Virginity' as it relates to Mary, Mother of God?

<p>It states that Mary remained a virgin throughout her life, even after giving birth to Jesus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Immaculate Conception' as described in the text?

<p>It refers to the belief that Mary was conceived without the stain of Original Sin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between 'wind' and the 'Holy Spirit' in the text?

<p>In biblical texts, wind is often used as a symbol of the Holy Spirit, reflecting its power and transformative nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anthropology

It studies human beings from all over the world, examining their evolutionary history, behavior, adaptation to environments, and communication.

Sociology

It explores social relationships and human institutions, including aspects like crime, religion, family, and government.

Psychology

The science of mental processes and behavior. It deals with internal, invisible experiences like memories, dreams, thoughts, and emotions.

Hobbes' View of Human Nature

A view of human nature that emphasizes self-interest and the pursuit of individual desires. In this view, individuals are naturally selfish and would lead chaotic lives without social controls.

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Freud's Id, Ego, Superego

Freud's theory suggests a constant struggle within our psyche. The "Id" represents basic instincts, the "Ego" mediates between the "Id" and the "Superego" (our moral conscience), trying to balance desires and social rules.

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Nietzsche's Will to Power

A concept by Nietzsche that argues that all human actions are driven by the desire for power. This power is sought to satisfy personal desires, and those considered "superior" individuals should exert dominance over others.

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Humans as Spirits in Bodies

This notion suggests that humans are spiritual beings bound to physical bodies, implying that true potential is limited by physical constraints.

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Humans as Primarily Spiritual Beings

It focuses on the belief that our essence is primarily spiritual, and our body is just a temporary vessel for our true self.

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Sexualization

Focusing on someone's physical features and seeing them primarily as a sexual object.

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Atheism

The belief that God does not exist.

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Sacramental Awareness

The awareness of the sacredness and beauty in all of God's creation.

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Parable

A story that compares something unfamiliar with something familiar, often to illustrate a moral or religious lesson.

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Grace

God's unconditional love, freely given and available to all.

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Sacramental Dullness

When people are too preoccupied with their daily problems and suffering, they find it difficult to perceive God's presence in their lives.

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Symbolism

A literary device where symbols represent ideas beyond their literal meaning.

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Sign

An object that directly represents something else. It can be non-symbolic, meaning it has only one meaning.

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Adoration

A type of prayer where you express love and reverence for God.

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Blessing

A type of prayer where you ask for God's grace or favor.

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Thanksgiving

A type of prayer where you express gratitude to God for everything you have.

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Petition

A type of prayer where you make a request to God.

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Anointing of the Sick

The sacrament of anointing the sick is a ritual where a priest or deacon anoints the sick person with oil, offering prayers for healing and comfort. It is a sign of God's presence and care, reminding the sick person of the Church's support and the hope of God's grace.

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Holy Orders

The sacrament of Holy Orders is the ordination of men to the priesthood, diaconate, or episcopacy. It is a solemn ritual where the bishop lays hands on the candidates, bestowing upon them the authority to serve the Church.

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Marriage

The sacrament of Marriage is a sacred covenant between two people, where they make a lifelong commitment to each other in the presence of God. This sacrament symbolizes the union of husband and wife, representing the love and unity of Christ and his Church.

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Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven

Jesus' statement to Peter, "I will give you the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven," signifies the power granted to Peter (and his successors) to lead and guide the Church. It represents the authority given by Christ to his apostles to teach and govern the Church.

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New Covenant

The New Covenant is a promise made by God to humanity through Jesus Christ, replacing the Old Covenant made with the Israelites. It promises forgiveness of sins and a new relationship with God based on love and grace.

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Synoptic Gospels

The four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are called "Synoptic" because they share similar perspectives and content. They were written between 50-60 AD.

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Metanoia

A complete transformation of oneself, a change of mind, heart, and life, turning away from darkness towards the light. It's about becoming more like God.

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Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity, a divine force sent by Jesus to guide and empower His Church. It's the spiritual power of God.

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Ascension

The Ascension is the moment when Jesus ascended into heaven, physically leaving Earth after his resurrection.

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Pentecost

The Pentecost is the day the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles, empowering them to preach the Gospel. It marked the birth of the Church.

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7 Gifts of the Holy Spirit

The 7 Gifts of the Holy Spirit are: knowledge, understanding, courage, wisdom, right judgement, reverence, and wonder. They are gifts given to help Christians live a holy life.

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Creed

The "Creed" is a summary of essential beliefs, outlining the faith of a church or community. It serves as a statement of what we believe.

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Apostle's Creed

The Apostle's Creed is an early, short summary of Christian faith, rooted in the teachings of the Apostles. It's a simple and basic statement of what Christians believe.

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Nicene Creed

The Nicene Creed is a more detailed and expanded version of the Apostle's Creed, established by the Council of Nicea in 325 AD. It further clarifies the Trinity and other essential beliefs.

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Immaculate Conception

The Immaculate Conception refers to the belief that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was preserved from Original Sin from the moment of her conception.

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Kingdom of God

A community where God is the most important and people live according to God's laws.

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Conversion

A change of heart that involves turning away from selfishness and toward God.

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Parables of Jesus

Short stories, often about everyday life, that are used to illustrate a spiritual or moral lesson.

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Parable's Lesson

The main point or message of a parable, which can often be a truth about God's kingdom or God's actions.

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Comparison in Parables

Using familiar things to explain something unfamiliar, such as using everyday events to explain the Kingdom of God.

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Crisis in Parables

The problem or turning point in a parable that challenges us to think differently about God and ourselves.

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Ending of Parables

A parable's ending can be happy or tragic, but always points to a bigger truth about God and His kingdom.

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Study Notes

Human Nature

  • Anthropology: studies human beings worldwide, focusing on evolutionary history, behavior adaptation, and communication.
  • Sociology: examines social relationships, including crime, religion, family, and the state.
  • Psychology: analyzes mental processes and behaviors, including memories, dreams, thoughts, and emotions. Human behavior is viewed as evidence for brain function.

Secular Approaches to Human Nature

  • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): humans are naturally selfish, leading to a "war" of all against all, where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1936): a constant struggle between the Id's primal instincts, the Ego's mediating role, and the Superego's moral compass.
  • Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): human activity is driven by the Will to Power, with superior individuals dominating the inferior.

Three Notions of the Human Being

  • Humans are spirits trapped inside a body: some believe humans are primarily spiritual beings, but their bodies restrict their potential.
  • Humans have no spiritual dimension: others believe humans are simply sophisticated animals without a soul or spiritual nature.
  • Humans are united in body and spirit: a Catholic approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness and equal importance of both body and spirit.

Christian Anthropology

  • To be human is to be a person created in God's image and likeness.
  • The person is essentially good but capable of evil, deserving of dignity and respect.
  • The whole person (body, mind, spirit) is to be cherished, developed, and cared for.
  • Life is lived best in community and partnership with others
  • Each person has inalienable rights, freedoms, and responsibilities.
  • People are capable of lifelong growth and creating things.
  • People have an innate sense of morality and choose right over wrong.
  • Humans are called to love and be loved, working for justice and peace, and having a purpose that transcends their individual lives.

The Seven Traits of Human Beings

  • Humans are created in God's image.

Genesis, the Creation Stories, & the Trinity

  • Humans are God's creation, having a relationship with animals and other people.
  • Humans were made from earth and breath.
  • God created humans as good beings capable of both good and evil (free will).
  • Humans are male and female, with equal value.

The Gospels

  • Gospels are "Good News" about Jesus' life, death, and resurrection.
  • Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke): similar accounts of Jesus' life.
  • Mark is the earliest Gospel.
  • Matthew emphasises Jesus as a teacher.
  • Luke highlights Jesus' compassion.
  • John emphasizes Jesus as divine.

Who Jesus Was

  • Perpetual Virgin: Mary remained a virgin throughout life.
  • Immaculate Conception: Mary was preserved from Original Sin.

Mary, Mother of God

  • May is dedicated to Mary.
  • Catholics pray the Rosary on Mary's behalf.
  • Pope Francis instituted a new Marian feast day.

The Holy Spirit & the Pentecost

  • Holy Spirit: the third person of the Trinity.
  • Pentecost Sunday: the Holy Spirit came to the Apostles.
  • The Hebrew word "Spirit" also means “wind”.

The Seven Sacraments

  • Baptism: initiation into the Church; removing Original Sin.
  • Eucharist: celebrating Jesus' sacrifice
  • Confirmation: expressing faith
  • Reconciliation: forgiving sins.
  • Anointing of the Sick: providing healing and comfort.
  • Holy Orders: ordaining leaders within the Church.
  • Marriage: uniting a couple in God's love.

The Parables & the Sacraments

  • Parables: stories used by Jesus to teach about God's kingdom.
  • Kingdom of God: a community and society where God comes first.

Catholic Social Teachings

  • Human Dignity: humans are sacred, with inherent dignity.
  • Rights and Responsibilities: human dignity is protected through rights and responsibilities.
  • Peace: resolving conflict through dialogue.
  • Option for the Poor and Vulnerable: prioritizing the poor and vulnerable.
  • Solidarity: being in community with all people.
  • Common Good: contributing to the good of all members of society.
  • Role of the Government: promoting human dignity, rights, and common good.
  • Stewardship of Creation: protecting people and the planet responsibly.
  • Dignity of Work: fair wages and safe working conditions.
  • Participation: everyone has a right to participate in community.

Culture and the Influences of our Society

  • Individualism: emphasis on the self over community in Western culture.
  • Media: shapes perceptions and influences beliefs.
  • Consumerism: preoccupation with acquiring material goods.
  • Sexuality: how societies view and treat sexual feelings and behaviours.
  • Pornography: objectifies people and violates human dignity
  • You Shall Not Murder: objectifying and denying someone their full potential and humanity.

Effective Communication

  • Clear and concise language.
  • Respect other's feelings and opinions.
  • Use a problem-solving approach.

Identity

  • Self-esteem: thoughts, emotions, and opinions of oneself.
  • Self-understanding: our culture tends to depict self as isolated from others and separate from the body.

Key Terms

  • Freedom: power rooted in reason and will.
  • Literal Thinking: understanding texts in a straightforward manner.
  • Symbolic Thinking: understanding texts through representations.
  • Secularism: a worldview that rejects or minimizes religion.
  • Anthropology: the study of humankind.
  • Creation: the act of God bringing the world into existence
  • Self-esteem: awareness of one's worth.

Salvation, Forgiveness of Sins, Atheism, Agnosticism, & Love to Self

  • Salvation: forgiveness for sins.
  • Symballien: Greek – “thrown together”
  • Atheism: belief that God doesn't exist.
  • Agnosticism: uncertainty about the existence of God.
  • Love to Self: self-love is equal to love for others.
  • Synoptic: “taking the same view”.
  • Sacraments: outward signs of inward faith.
  • Church: place for public Christian worship.
  • Vocation: God's call to individuals.
  • Culture: shared customs, beliefs, and values.
  • Metaphor: a non-literal comparison of unlike things.
  • Materialism: philosophical belief that only matter exists.

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