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What constitutes the majority volume in wood for parenchyma generally?

  • 25-30%
  • 17-20%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 8%

    • Which statement is true regarding the variation of vessel elements in wood?

  • They have a uniform size across growth rings.
  • They vary in size and distribution across growth rings. (correct)
  • Their presence is mostly in conifers.
  • They are only found in early wood.

    • In which type of wood are radial parenchyma more numerous?

  • Hardwoods (correct)
  • Softwoods
  • Conifers
  • Early wood only

    • What is the role of the vascular cambium in the context of secondary growth?

    <p>It generates new vessel elements and fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes early wood compared to late wood?

    <p>Early wood has less dense vessel elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of wood volume can rays contribute to in wood?

    <p>17-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the organization of wood differ in diffuse-porus wood compared to ring-porus wood?

    <p>Ring-porus wood typically has vessels concentrated in growth rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the overall composition of wood's structural elements differ in conifers compared to hardwoods?

    <p>Hardwoods have a higher proportion of fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes monocots from eudicots?

    <p>Monocots typically have one cotyledon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common leaf venation pattern found in eudicots?

    <p>Net-like venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stele do eudicots typically have in their roots?

    <p>Protostele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of flowering plant in the Anthophyta phylum?

    <p>Foliage plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these features is characteristic of monocot roots?

    <p>Typical 'monkey face' arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many flower parts do monocots typically exhibit?

    <p>3 or multiples thereof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'hypocotyl' refer to in the context of seed plants?

    <p>The stem below the cotyledons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is known to have a non-monophyletic basal grouping within the dicots?

    <p>Basal dicots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'leaf shape' in Anthophyta typically refer to?

    <p>Variability from filamentous to broad leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a characteristic of eudicots?

    <p>Primarily exhibiting branched leaf venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the modified leaves that bear sporangia in flowering plants?

    <p>Sporophylls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the flower serves as the visual attractant often colored for pollinators?

    <p>Petals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant reproduction, which structure contains ovules?

    <p>Ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the animals in the context of flowering plants?

    <p>Pollen and nectar provision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents an evolutionary gradient observed in angiosperms?

    <p>Reduction of gametophytic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the group of conifers and their xylem characteristics?

    <p>Softwood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'androecium' refer to in flowering plants?

    <p>The male reproductive organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do flowers show extensive diversification?

    <p>By co-evolution with animal symbionts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a flower is typically leaf-like and found as the outermost whorl?

    <p>Calyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pedicel in flowering plants?

    <p>Attachment of the flower to the stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term for the outer layer of the ovary that develops into fruit?

    <p>Exocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the position of a superior ovary?

    <p>Above the insertion of other floral parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the fusion of the ovary to the hypanthium?

    <p>Adnation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the fruit is the middle layer known as?

    <p>Mesocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do ovules attach within the ovary?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ovary is completely surrounded by the receptacle?

    <p>Inferior ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the ovary comes into direct contact with the seeds?

    <p>Endocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ovary in flowering plants?

    <p>To protect and nurture ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of floral symmetry is described as zygomorphic?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key significance of flower symmetry?

    <p>Controls pollenator access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes actinomorphic flowers?

    <p>Flowers that can be divided into equal halves from multiple planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship is suggested between flowers and pollinators based on flower modification?

    <p>Coevolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In flower modification, what does the term 'fusion' refer to?

    <p>Combining floral structures for stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a flower with only one plane of symmetry?

    <p>Zygomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of flower modifications like symmetry?

    <p>Facilitates pollenation through various means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Merely having a spiral arrangement of petals would indicate what about the flower's symmetry?

    <p>It may exhibit no specific symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does floral symmetry potentially influence evolution?

    <p>Through selective pressure on pollinator interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following floral modifications would be least likely to be favored in evolutionary terms?

    <p>Symmetry that hinders pollinator access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the gametophyte generation of angiosperms?

    <p>It is predominantly haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nuclei does the embryo sac contain upon release from the anther?

    <p>8 nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are antheridia and archegonia primarily located in angiosperms?

    <p>Within the ovule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process occurring during megasporogenesis?

    <p>Cell division and differentiation of megaspores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of development is most common in the megagametophyte?

    <p>Polygonum type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many megaspores typically survive during megasporogenesis?

    <p>1 megaspore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During megagametogenesis, how many cells and nuclei does the megagametophyte eventually have?

    <p>7 cells and 8 nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the polar nuclei in the embryo sac?

    <p>They fuse to form the triploid endosperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the result of mitosis in the megasposangium lead to?

    <p>Production of megaspores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for protecting the ovule?

    <p>The integuments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the majority of gametophyte generations in angiosperms compare to those in other plant groups?

    <p>They are highly reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the three megaspores in megasporogenesis?

    <p>Only one survives, while others degenerate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of cell division in the megagametophyte is facilitated by which type of cell division?

    <p>Mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what state is the megagametophyte typically found before fertilization?

    <p>Haploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anthophyta (Flowering Plants)

    • Most diverse phylum, with ~350,000 species.
    • Vegetative form varies widely, from tiny aquatic plants to trees. This includes annuals, biennials, and perennials.
    • Leaf shapes are variable, with simple, lobed, and compound forms. Monopodial branching is common.

    Monocots vs Eudicots

    • Monocots:

      • One cotyledon (seed leaf).
      • Parallel leaf venation.
      • Atactostele (shoot stele)
      • Protostele (root stele)
      • Flower parts in multiples of three.
      • Lack secondary growth (no increase in girth).

    • Eudicots:

      • Two cotyledons.
      • Branched leaf venation.
      • Eustele (shoot and root stele).
      • Flower parts in multiples of four or five.
      • Can have secondary growth leading to increased girth.

    Secondary Growth in Stems

    • Wood is heterogeneous with variations in cambial derivatives.
    • Parenchyma cells can be abundant.
    • Vessels (conducting cells that carry water and nutrients) can vary in size and distribution across growth rings.
    • Growth rings exhibit diffuse porosity (pores are distributed randomly), and ring porosity (pores are concentrated).
    • Ray systems can be extensive, contributing to ~17-20% of wood volume.

    The Flower

    • Modified shoot; specialized for sexual reproduction.
    • Bears sporophylls (modified leaves with sporangia).
    • Sepals (calyx): Typically green, leaflike.
    • Petals (corolla): Often colored for visual attraction.
    • Stamens (androecium): Filament + anther (modified microsporophylls) containing microsporangia.
    • Carpels (gynoecium/pistil): Ovary + style + stigma containing ovules (modified megasporophylls).

    Reproductive Cycle in Angiosperms

    • Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis:
      • Formation of megaspores (n) through meiosis within the ovule.
      • Subsequent development of the embryo sac (megagametophyte - mature female gametophyte).
      • Polygonum type and Lilium type of development differ.
    • Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis:
      • Production of microspores (n) in microsporangia (pollen sacs).
      • Development of the pollen grain (immature male gametophyte) consisting of two cells: tube cell and generative cell.
      • Pollen wall consists of intine (cellulose/pectin) and exine (sporopollenin).

    Pollen and Pollination

    • Typically 3-pored in eudicots.
    • Tube cell and generative cell are typical parts of pollen (immature male gametophyte)
    • Wall of pollen consists of sporopollenin and cellulose/pectin
    • Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

    Fertilization (Double Fertilization)

    • Tube cell elongates (forming the pollen tube).
    • Generative cell divides (forming two sperm nuclei).
    • Sperm nucleus(number varies) fertilize the egg and polar nuclei.
      • One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg nucleus, forming a zygote (2n).
      • The other sperm nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming the endosperm (3n).

    Modifications of Flowers

    • Symmetry:
      • Bilateral (zygomorphic) - one plane of symmetry.
      • Radial (actinomorphic) - more than one plane of symmetry.
    • Fusion between whorls:
      • Connataion - fusion of structures within the same whorl (like petals).
      • Adnation - fusion of parts in different whorls (like stamens and petals).
      • The position of the ovary relative to other floral parts (Superior vs Inferior).

    Fruit Classification

    • Simple Fruits: From one pistil.

    • Dry Fruits: Dry at maturity.

      • Dehiscent: Open at maturity (e.g., legume, follicle, capsule).
      • Indehiscent: Do not open at maturity (e.g., achene, nut, samara, grain, schizocarp).

    • Fleshy Fruits: Soft and fleshy at maturity.

      • Drupe (e.g., peach, coconut)
      • Berry (e.g., grape, blueberry)
      • Pome (e.g., apple, pear)
      • Pepo (e.g., squash, watermelon)

    • Aggregate Fruits: From multiple carpels (pistils) of one flower.

    • Multiple Fruits: From multiple flowers.

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