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Questions and Answers
What is the dental pattern of Old World higher primates?
What is the dental pattern of Old World higher primates?
2-1-2-3
High, pointed crowns indicate a diet of what?
High, pointed crowns indicate a diet of what?
insects
What are the two suborders of primates?
What are the two suborders of primates?
prosimians and anthropoids
The variation in living primates provides models for understanding what?
The variation in living primates provides models for understanding what?
Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from which factors? (Select all that apply)
Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from which factors? (Select all that apply)
What does the cladistic classification of apes and humans include?
What does the cladistic classification of apes and humans include?
Which primates exhibit Y-5 molar morphology?
Which primates exhibit Y-5 molar morphology?
What does dietary plasticity in primates refer to?
What does dietary plasticity in primates refer to?
Why are African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, endangered?
Why are African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, endangered?
What special lower incisor do strepsirhines have?
What special lower incisor do strepsirhines have?
Male primates compete for access to females through forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.
Male primates compete for access to females through forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.
What does polygynous refer to?
What does polygynous refer to?
What does grooming involve among primates?
What does grooming involve among primates?
How is sexual selection best defined?
How is sexual selection best defined?
Which primate residence pattern is rare and found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?
Which primate residence pattern is rare and found only in orangutans and a few strepsirhines?
What impacts the availability of food in the worlds of primates?
What impacts the availability of food in the worlds of primates?
What variation exists in predator-specific vocalizations among monkeys in the Tai Forest?
What variation exists in predator-specific vocalizations among monkeys in the Tai Forest?
What types of sounds are involved in chimpanzee communication?
What types of sounds are involved in chimpanzee communication?
Female reproductive strategies emphasize what?
Female reproductive strategies emphasize what?
How do primates acquire food?
How do primates acquire food?
Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which primate?
Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which primate?
What three key factors contribute to a female primate's success at feeding?
What three key factors contribute to a female primate's success at feeding?
What type of behaviors does natural selection generally favor?
What type of behaviors does natural selection generally favor?
How are catarrhines' nostrils shaped?
How are catarrhines' nostrils shaped?
How do haplorrhines compare with strepsirrhines?
How do haplorrhines compare with strepsirrhines?
Which type of social group has the most sexual dimorphism in canine size?
Which type of social group has the most sexual dimorphism in canine size?
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Study Notes
Dental Patterns and Diet
- Old World higher primates exhibit a dental formula of 2-1-2-3.
- High, pointed molar crowns indicate an insectivorous diet.
Primate Classification
- Primates are divided into two suborders: prosimians and anthropoids.
- Hominids include three subfamilies: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
Primates' Sensory and Behavioral Adaptations
- Enhanced vision in primates is due to forward-facing eyes and the presence of color vision.
- Variation in living primates serves as a model for studying morphology, behavior, and adaptation across evolutionary history.
Molar Morphology and Dietary Adaptability
- Chimpanzees possess the Y-5 molar morphology.
- Dietary plasticity allows primates to consume a diverse array of foods.
Endangerment and Social Structure
- African monkeys, like Miss Waldron's red colobus, face significant endangerment from human activities.
- Male primates use various strategies to compete for females, excluding the formation of long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.
Social Structures in Primates
- Polygynous social groups consist of one adult male, several females, and their offspring.
- Grooming serves to bond individuals and calm higher-ranking primates within a group.
Sexual Selection and Residence Patterns
- Sexual selection refers to traits that make individuals more attractive to the opposite sex.
- Solitary residence patterns are rare and mainly seen in orangutans and select strepsirhines.
Food Sources and Foraging
- Food availability for primates varies seasonally and is influenced by environmental factors like rainfall.
- Monkeys in the Tai Forest exhibit distinct vocalizations for aerial and terrestrial predators.
Communication and Reproductive Strategies
- Chimpanzees communicate using diverse sounds, including grunts, pants, and hoots.
- Female primate reproductive strategies prioritize nurturing their offspring and securing food resources.
Foraging Strategies and Monogamy
- Primates utilize various foraging strategies to acquire food effectively.
- Gibbons are known for their monogamous behavior in social structures.
Feeding Success Factors
- Success in feeding for female primates depends on the food's quality, distribution, and availability.
Evolutionary Adaptations
- Natural selection promotes behaviors that enhance the likelihood of survival and reproduction.
- Catarrhine nostrils are characterized by their close proximity and downward orientation.
Craniomorphological Differences
- Haplorrhines possess post-orbital closure, differentiating them from strepsirrhines.
- The social group with the highest sexual dimorphism in canine size is the one-male multifemale structure.
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