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What is the primary objective of antenatal care?
What is the primary objective of antenatal care?
Antenatal care is only necessary for pregnant women who exhibit symptoms.
Antenatal care is only necessary for pregnant women who exhibit symptoms.
False
What are teratogens?
What are teratogens?
Agents that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus.
Antenatal care helps reduce complications from pregnancy and __________ deaths.
Antenatal care helps reduce complications from pregnancy and __________ deaths.
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Match the terms with their descriptions:
Match the terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a benefit of proper antenatal care?
Which of the following is a benefit of proper antenatal care?
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List two components of antenatal care.
List two components of antenatal care.
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Smoking during pregnancy is safe if done in moderation.
Smoking during pregnancy is safe if done in moderation.
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Which of the following components is NOT included in prenatal health history?
Which of the following components is NOT included in prenatal health history?
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Physical examinations during pregnancy help to evaluate only the mother's health.
Physical examinations during pregnancy help to evaluate only the mother's health.
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What test is commonly used to assess the reproductive health of women during pregnancy?
What test is commonly used to assess the reproductive health of women during pregnancy?
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Prenatal education classes help parents discuss their ______ about labor and birth.
Prenatal education classes help parents discuss their ______ about labor and birth.
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Match the following components of prenatal care with their primary focus:
Match the following components of prenatal care with their primary focus:
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What is the primary purpose of determining the estimated date of delivery during physical examination?
What is the primary purpose of determining the estimated date of delivery during physical examination?
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Prenatal education classes are only beneficial for expectant mothers.
Prenatal education classes are only beneficial for expectant mothers.
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List one topic that is covered in health teaching during pregnancy.
List one topic that is covered in health teaching during pregnancy.
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Urinalysis is part of laboratory assessment to evaluate the overall ______ of the mother.
Urinalysis is part of laboratory assessment to evaluate the overall ______ of the mother.
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Which method helps parents build confidence in childbirth?
Which method helps parents build confidence in childbirth?
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Which of the following is a nursing diagnosis related to pregnancy?
Which of the following is a nursing diagnosis related to pregnancy?
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Disturbed body image is not a concern related to the changes experienced during pregnancy.
Disturbed body image is not a concern related to the changes experienced during pregnancy.
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What is one nutritional recommendation for pregnant women to prevent excessive weight gain?
What is one nutritional recommendation for pregnant women to prevent excessive weight gain?
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One of the nursing diagnoses for inadequate health maintenance is deficient knowledge regarding __________ measures.
One of the nursing diagnoses for inadequate health maintenance is deficient knowledge regarding __________ measures.
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Match the following areas of nursing health education with their focus:
Match the following areas of nursing health education with their focus:
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Which nursing diagnosis relates to ineffective coping during pregnancy?
Which nursing diagnosis relates to ineffective coping during pregnancy?
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Pregnant women should avoid discussing birth plans and mental preparation with their healthcare providers.
Pregnant women should avoid discussing birth plans and mental preparation with their healthcare providers.
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List one recommended intervention for keeping physically active during pregnancy.
List one recommended intervention for keeping physically active during pregnancy.
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Pregnant women should be educated about __________ to avoid stress during pregnancy.
Pregnant women should be educated about __________ to avoid stress during pregnancy.
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Match the following nursing diagnoses with their associated concerns:
Match the following nursing diagnoses with their associated concerns:
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Which of the following is recommended for task shifting in maternal and newborn health?
Which of the following is recommended for task shifting in maternal and newborn health?
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It is recommended that the first antenatal care visit should occur after gestational week 12.
It is recommended that the first antenatal care visit should occur after gestational week 12.
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What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid for women planning to get pregnant?
What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid for women planning to get pregnant?
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Continuity of care should be attempted so that the woman knows her __________.
Continuity of care should be attempted so that the woman knows her __________.
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Match the antenatal care recommendations with their details:
Match the antenatal care recommendations with their details:
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Which intervention is recommended to reduce perinatal mortality?
Which intervention is recommended to reduce perinatal mortality?
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The standard antenatal record, 'Helsekort for gravide', should be maintained by healthcare professionals only.
The standard antenatal record, 'Helsekort for gravide', should be maintained by healthcare professionals only.
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What is the purpose of the seven-day antibiotic regimen recommended for pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB)?
What is the purpose of the seven-day antibiotic regimen recommended for pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB)?
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Tetanus toxoid vaccination is recommended only for pregnant women who have never been vaccinated before.
Tetanus toxoid vaccination is recommended only for pregnant women who have never been vaccinated before.
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List two remedies recommended for the relief of nausea in early pregnancy.
List two remedies recommended for the relief of nausea in early pregnancy.
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Regular exercise throughout pregnancy is recommended to prevent __________ pain.
Regular exercise throughout pregnancy is recommended to prevent __________ pain.
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Match the following treatments with their intended issues in pregnancy:
Match the following treatments with their intended issues in pregnancy:
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What is an additional treatment option suggested for leg cramps in pregnancy?
What is an additional treatment option suggested for leg cramps in pregnancy?
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Women should use pharmacological treatments as the first option for relieving constipation in pregnancy.
Women should use pharmacological treatments as the first option for relieving constipation in pregnancy.
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What is one recommended method to improve the quality of antenatal care (ANC) according to the guidelines?
What is one recommended method to improve the quality of antenatal care (ANC) according to the guidelines?
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Non-pharmacological options for the management of varicose veins include __________ and leg elevation.
Non-pharmacological options for the management of varicose veins include __________ and leg elevation.
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Which vitamin is recommended for the relief of nausea in early pregnancy?
Which vitamin is recommended for the relief of nausea in early pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Antenatal/Prenatal Care and Nursing
- Antenatal care is routine health control of presumed healthy pregnant women without symptoms. It's used to diagnose and prevent complications.
- It involves screening, providing information on lifestyle, pregnancy, and delivery.
- Antenatal care is used to assess mother and fetus throughout pregnancy.
- The goal of antenatal care is to ensure the well-being of both mother and fetus, identifying and managing conditions that could threaten them.
Importance of Antenatal/Prenatal Care
- Timely and appropriate evidence-based actions help promote health, prevent disease, screen for issues, and provide treatment.
- Reduces complications from pregnancy and childbirth.
- Reduces stillbirths and perinatal deaths.
- Ensures integrated care delivery throughout pregnancy.
- Smoking and inhaling smoke can lead to smaller and unhealthy babies.
- Teratogens (any agent that can harm an embryo or fetus) should be avoided.
- Environmental exposure to toxins (radiation, maternal infections, drugs, alcohol, disease, and chemicals) can harm the developing fetus.
Quality throughout the continuum of care
- WHO envisions every pregnant woman and newborn receiving quality care throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period.
- Prioritizes person-centered health and well-being, including reducing mortality and morbidity.
- Respectful care that considers women's views.
- Optimizes service delivery within health systems.
Women's views from the ANC
- Women want a healthy pregnancy for themselves and their baby, including preventing and treating risks and illness to avoid complications.
- Physical and sociocultural normalcy during pregnancy.
- Positive transition to labor and birth.
- Positive motherhood, including maternal self-esteem, competence, and autonomy.
- Medical care should provide relevant and timely information, emotional support, and advice.
Purpose of Antenatal/Prenatal Care
- Supports and encourages psychological adjustment to pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, and parenthood.
- Promotes awareness of social and psychological components of childbearing and their impact on the family.
- Monitors the progress of pregnancy to ensure the health and well-being of the mother and fetus.
- Monitors women for signs of obstetric difficulties through close personal attention and diagnostic tests.
- Recognizes deviations from normal and refers or treats as needed.
- Recognizes that some women may return to normal after having warning signs, and may not need continued treatment.
- Builds a trusting relationship between the woman and her care providers.
- Provides the woman with information so she can make informed decisions.
- Actively involves relevant family members and friends to support the pregnant woman.
Number Antenatal/Prenatal Care Visits? and When?
- WHO recommends specific contact visits during pregnancy based on trimester.
Components of Antenatal/Prenatal Care
- Essential components of prenatal care include risk assessment, health promotion, and medical and psychosocial interventions with follow-up.
- Qualified antenatal care also includes education and support, ongoing maternal-fetal assessment, preparation for parenting, and promoting positive family experiences.
Risk Assessment
- The goal is to identify women and fetuses at risk to develop problems.
- This includes evaluating sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), taking blood pressure, doing cervical and breast cancer screenings, evaluating for TORCH infections, examining for violence, depression, weight gain, and socioeconomic factors.
History
- Welcoming women and ensuring privacy is important for them to express concerns and anxieties.
Components of Prenatal Health History
- Obstetric history (past pregnancies and outcomes).
- Menstrual history.
- Contraceptive history.
- Medical & surgical history (infections, procedures, trauma).
- Family history (genetic and other risk factors).
- Partner's family history.
- Psychosocial data (stability of lifestyle and ability to parent a child, cultural influences).
Physical Examination
- Detects previously undiagnosed problems.
- Establishes baseline levels for guiding treatment throughout pregnancy (e.g., general health, weight, vital signs, nutritional status, current physical/social problems, estimated date of delivery, pelvic and reproductive organ assessment, signs of pregnancy).
Laboratory Assessment
- Includes Pap smears, blood studies, glucose tolerance tests, urinalysis, and ultrasounds.
Health Teaching During Pregnancy
- Covers hygiene, breast care, dental care, dressing, travel, sexual activity, exercises, and sleep.
Prenatal Education Classes
- Build confidence in women's ability to give birth.
- Allow parents to discuss their fears and concerns.
- Focus on childbirth preparation.
- Involve the partner in pregnancy and childbirth.
- Discuss optimal type and place of birth.
- Educate on doulas (support during labor).
- Offer hypnosis and other coping techniques for pain.
Birth Plan
- Enables parents to plan the birth process.
- Educates pregnant women on their maternity rights and benefits.
- Discusses complementary therapies safe for use during pregnancy.
Nursing Diagnosis for Pregnant Women
- Anxiety related to pregnancy discomforts.
- Ambivalent and labile emotions in family dynamics, affecting fetal well-being.
- Interrupted family processes due to changing roles and responsibilities.
- Inappropriate understanding of physical and emotional changes in pregnancy.
- Increased concern about labor.
- Disturbed body image due to anatomic/physiologic changes in pregnancy.
- Ineffective health maintenance related to deficient knowledge regarding self-care measures (posture, rest, personal hygiene, activity, safety).
- Ineffective individual coping related to deficient knowledge about complications, true/false labor, and emergencies.
- Disturbed sleep pattern related to discomforts in late pregnancy.
Nursing-Health Education
- Instruction to the mother on breast feeding, nutrition, family planning, postnatal exercises, childcare, dental care, clothing, shoes, and belts, care of breasts, smoking and alcohol, birth plans, mental preparation, diet, sleep, and relaxation, avoiding stressors, and minor ailments.
Nurses' Role
- Nurses are often responsible for seeking out and supporting pregnant women in need, even at home.
- Recognize women in situations with elevated needs that might not come to clinic regularly.
- Understand that missing care appointments may be due to situations beyond the woman's control.
- Collect data, identify/re-evaluate risks, provide self-care education, nutrition counseling, and support for family adaptation to pregnancy.
- Educate patients on health conditions potentially linked to violence.
- When possible, proactively identify, and help resolve issues relating to pregnancy that might be complicated by intimate partner violence.
- Women who delay care may have greater risk of developing pregnancy complications due to delays in treatment or preventive measures.
- Nurses collect data, identify and evaluate pregnancy risks, counsel women on self-care, support family adaptations, provide nutritional counseling, and promote care continuity for the pregnant woman.
WHO Guideline on Antenatal Care (2016)
- The guideline has recommendations to improve the quality of antenatal care.
- It focuses on a positive pregnancy experience.
Development of Guideline Recommendations
- Include dietary interventions (counseling on healthy eating, and physical activity).
- Include daily oral iron and folic acid supplementation for pregnant women to prevent anemia, puerperal sepsis, low birth weight, and preterm birth.
- Include maternal assessment for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and/or diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.
- Include maternal assessment for tobacco/secondhand smoke use.
- Include maternal assessment for alcohol and other substance use
- Include provider-initiated testing and counseling (PITC) for HIV.
- Include fetal assessment in the first trimester to better estimate gestational age, and detect anomalies or complications.
- Include preventive measures (seven-day antibiotic regimen and tetanus toxoid vaccine).
- Encourage pregnant women to use the care of trained providers (including midwives).
- Include the management of common symptoms like nause, heartburn, leg cramps, constipation, and varicose veins.
Health Interventions to Improve ANC Utilization and Quality
- Each pregnant woman should have her own case notes to improve care continuity.
- Encourage task shifting to include a wider range of health cadres (lay health workers, auxiliary nurses, nurses, midwives, and doctors).
- Provide recommended nutrition supplements/treatment in pregnancy (e.g. for malaria prevention).
- Implement antenatal care models with a minimum of eight contacts to improve perinatal outcomes and care experience.
Recommendations
- Women planning pregnancy should start with folic acid and should participate in antenatal care programs.
- The first antenatal care visit should occur between gestational weeks 8-12.
- Antenatal care staff should be midwives or general practitioners.
- Use the standard antenatal record.
- Attempt to maintain continuity of care.
- In healthy pregnancies, eight visits are recommended during the pregnancy.
- All pregnant women should undergo one routine ultrasound during weeks 17–19.
- Monitor attendance rates, care provision, and outcomes regularly.
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Description
Test your knowledge on antenatal care and its importance in ensuring the health of both the mother and the baby. This quiz covers various aspects such as teratogens, benefits of proper care, and essential components of prenatal education. Prepare to learn more about the crucial steps in a healthy pregnancy.
