Anovulation in Industrialized World

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of low testosterone (hypogonadism) in aging men?

  • Testicular failure
  • Natural decline in testosterone levels (correct)
  • Pituitary dysfunction
  • Obstruction of the vas deferens

Which of the following is a potential risk associated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)?

  • Increased risk of prostate cancer
  • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (correct)
  • Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease
  • Decreased risk of testicular cancer

What is the most common cancer in young men?

  • Testicular cancer (correct)
  • Kidney cancer
  • Prostate cancer
  • Bladder cancer

Which of the following is a potential risk factor for testicular cancer?

<p>Increased androgen receptor polymorphism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

<p>Alpha blockers (adrenergic alpha antagonists) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about prostate cancer (PCa) is true?

<p>Aggressive metastatic PCa have androgen receptor mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of anovulation in industrialized countries?

<p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of PCOS?

<p>Accumulation of small follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of PCOS?

<p>Genetic defect in steroidogenic enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential treatment for PCOS?

<p>Androgen-lowering drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cancers is primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection?

<p>Cervical cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for menopause in women?

<p>51-58 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the discontent with the assigned gender?

<p>Gender dysphoria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals would be considered cisgender?

<p>A person whose gender identity matches the sex assigned at birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential biological factor mentioned in the text that may contribute to Gender Dysphoria?

<p>Epigenetic mechanisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene mutation is more common in transgender males?

<p>Mutation in CYP17 (steroidogenic gene) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS) have which characteristic?

<p>No response to androgens including in the brain and a female phenotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a person whose gender identity aligns with non-binary lines?

<p><em>Gender nonconforming</em> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) in XX patients?

<p>Deficiency in 21-Hydroxylase enzyme in the adrenal cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene, when mutated in a heterozygous state, can lead to sex reversal in XY patients?

<p>SOX9 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is involved in granulosa cell differentiation and ovarian maintenance, and blocks SOX9 (a male gene) activity in the ovary?

<p>FOXL2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hypospadias, a condition where the urethra opening is abnormally positioned on the penis in baby boys?

<p>Environmental chemical exposures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene, when duplicated, can lead to ambiguous genitalia in XY patients?

<p>RSPO1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by underdeveloped ovaries or polycystic ovaries, but the presence of oviduct, uterus, and vagina?

<p>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding brain sexual differentiation?

<p>It originates during gestation and the perinatal period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about individuals whose brain sex development is not aligned with their gonadal development?

<p>They may experience dissatisfaction with their biological sex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to neuroimaging studies mentioned in the text, how does the brain structure of transgender individuals compare to cisgender individuals?

<p>The brain structure of transgender individuals occupies a middle ground between cisgender males and females. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the hypothalamic responses of gender dysphoric (GD) teenagers?

<p>Their hypothalamic responses are closer to that of their perceived gender than natal sex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about individuals who have undergone gender-affirming surgery?

<p>Their cognitive, emotional, and sensorimotor brain regions are aligned with their perceived gender. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the conclusions regarding differences in sex development (DSD) and gender dysphoria (GD)?

<p>Natural variations can occur, leading to DSDs related to chromosomal, gonadal, and/or anatomic abnormalities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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