Anovulation in Industrialized World
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of low testosterone (hypogonadism) in aging men?

  • Testicular failure
  • Natural decline in testosterone levels (correct)
  • Pituitary dysfunction
  • Obstruction of the vas deferens

    • Which of the following is a potential risk associated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)?

  • Increased risk of prostate cancer
  • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (correct)
  • Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease
  • Decreased risk of testicular cancer

    • What is the most common cancer in young men?

  • Testicular cancer (correct)
  • Kidney cancer
  • Prostate cancer
  • Bladder cancer

    • Which of the following is a potential risk factor for testicular cancer?

    <p>Increased androgen receptor polymorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

    <p>Alpha blockers (adrenergic alpha antagonists)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about prostate cancer (PCa) is true?

    <p>Aggressive metastatic PCa have androgen receptor mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of anovulation in industrialized countries?

    <p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of PCOS?

    <p>Accumulation of small follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of PCOS?

    <p>Genetic defect in steroidogenic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential treatment for PCOS?

    <p>Androgen-lowering drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cancers is primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection?

    <p>Cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range for menopause in women?

    <p>51-58 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the discontent with the assigned gender?

    <p>Gender dysphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals would be considered cisgender?

    <p>A person whose gender identity matches the sex assigned at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential biological factor mentioned in the text that may contribute to Gender Dysphoria?

    <p>Epigenetic mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutation is more common in transgender males?

    <p>Mutation in CYP17 (steroidogenic gene)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS) have which characteristic?

    <p>No response to androgens including in the brain and a female phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a person whose gender identity aligns with non-binary lines?

    <p><em>Gender nonconforming</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) in XX patients?

    <p>Deficiency in 21-Hydroxylase enzyme in the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene, when mutated in a heterozygous state, can lead to sex reversal in XY patients?

    <p>SOX9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is involved in granulosa cell differentiation and ovarian maintenance, and blocks SOX9 (a male gene) activity in the ovary?

    <p>FOXL2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypospadias, a condition where the urethra opening is abnormally positioned on the penis in baby boys?

    <p>Environmental chemical exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene, when duplicated, can lead to ambiguous genitalia in XY patients?

    <p>RSPO1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by underdeveloped ovaries or polycystic ovaries, but the presence of oviduct, uterus, and vagina?

    <p>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding brain sexual differentiation?

    <p>It originates during gestation and the perinatal period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about individuals whose brain sex development is not aligned with their gonadal development?

    <p>They may experience dissatisfaction with their biological sex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to neuroimaging studies mentioned in the text, how does the brain structure of transgender individuals compare to cisgender individuals?

    <p>The brain structure of transgender individuals occupies a middle ground between cisgender males and females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the hypothalamic responses of gender dysphoric (GD) teenagers?

    <p>Their hypothalamic responses are closer to that of their perceived gender than natal sex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about individuals who have undergone gender-affirming surgery?

    <p>Their cognitive, emotional, and sensorimotor brain regions are aligned with their perceived gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the conclusions regarding differences in sex development (DSD) and gender dysphoria (GD)?

    <p>Natural variations can occur, leading to DSDs related to chromosomal, gonadal, and/or anatomic abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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