30 Questions
What is the primary cause of low testosterone (hypogonadism) in aging men?
Natural decline in testosterone levels
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)?
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease
What is the most common cancer in young men?
Testicular cancer
Which of the following is a potential risk factor for testicular cancer?
Increased androgen receptor polymorphism
What is the main treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Alpha blockers (adrenergic alpha antagonists)
Which of the following statements about prostate cancer (PCa) is true?
Aggressive metastatic PCa have androgen receptor mutations
What is the most common cause of anovulation in industrialized countries?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of PCOS?
Accumulation of small follicles
Which of the following is a potential cause of PCOS?
Genetic defect in steroidogenic enzymes
Which of the following is a potential treatment for PCOS?
Androgen-lowering drugs
Which of the following cancers is primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection?
Cervical cancer
What is the typical age range for menopause in women?
51-58 years
What is the term used to describe the discontent with the assigned gender?
Gender dysphoria
Which of the following individuals would be considered cisgender?
A person whose gender identity matches the sex assigned at birth
What is the potential biological factor mentioned in the text that may contribute to Gender Dysphoria?
Epigenetic mechanisms
Which gene mutation is more common in transgender males?
Mutation in CYP17 (steroidogenic gene)
Individuals with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS) have which characteristic?
No response to androgens including in the brain and a female phenotype
What is the term used to describe a person whose gender identity aligns with non-binary lines?
Gender nonconforming
What is the primary cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) in XX patients?
Deficiency in 21-Hydroxylase enzyme in the adrenal cortex
Which gene, when mutated in a heterozygous state, can lead to sex reversal in XY patients?
SOX9
Which gene is involved in granulosa cell differentiation and ovarian maintenance, and blocks SOX9 (a male gene) activity in the ovary?
FOXL2
What is the primary cause of hypospadias, a condition where the urethra opening is abnormally positioned on the penis in baby boys?
Environmental chemical exposures
Which gene, when duplicated, can lead to ambiguous genitalia in XY patients?
RSPO1
Which condition is characterized by underdeveloped ovaries or polycystic ovaries, but the presence of oviduct, uterus, and vagina?
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Which of the following statements is true regarding brain sexual differentiation?
It originates during gestation and the perinatal period.
What does the text suggest about individuals whose brain sex development is not aligned with their gonadal development?
They may experience dissatisfaction with their biological sex.
According to neuroimaging studies mentioned in the text, how does the brain structure of transgender individuals compare to cisgender individuals?
The brain structure of transgender individuals occupies a middle ground between cisgender males and females.
What does the text suggest about the hypothalamic responses of gender dysphoric (GD) teenagers?
Their hypothalamic responses are closer to that of their perceived gender than natal sex.
What does the text suggest about individuals who have undergone gender-affirming surgery?
Their cognitive, emotional, and sensorimotor brain regions are aligned with their perceived gender.
What is one of the conclusions regarding differences in sex development (DSD) and gender dysphoria (GD)?
Natural variations can occur, leading to DSDs related to chromosomal, gonadal, and/or anatomic abnormalities.
Learn about the most common cause of anovulation in the industrialized world, characterized by hyperandrogenism, persistent anovulation, oligo- or amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, high LH levels, and hyperinsulinemia. Explore the morphology, causes including genetic defects in steroidogenic enzymes, and treatments like Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT).
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