Lang in Adults 4-5
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Questions and Answers

What type of assessment is used specifically for evaluating anomia?

  • Receptive Vocabulary Test
  • Boston Naming Tests (correct)
  • Phonetic Transcription Analysis
  • Narrative Language Assessment

    • Which two stages are involved in lexical retrieval according to the provided information?

  • Phonologic and Syntactic
  • Semantic and Phonologic (correct)
  • Semantic and Morphological
  • Lexical and Pragmatic

    • What is a common characteristic that can influence performance in naming tasks?

  • Time of day when assessment is performed
  • Familiarity with the name of the evaluator
  • Distraction level during testing
  • Noun vs verb distinction (correct)

    • Which area of the brain is primarily associated with anomia due to lexical retrieval impairment?

    <p>Left-inferior temporal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cross-modality naming assessments play in evaluating anomia?

    <p>They allow for assessment across different input and output modalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is considered an informal method for assessing naming ability?

    <p>Language Samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does error analysis in language tasks help to determine?

    <p>The nature of the language impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is mentioned to affect both spoken and written word comprehension in semantic disruptions?

    <p>Imageability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment approach uses varying levels of support to assist word retrieval?

    <p>Cueing hierarchies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common pattern of impairment in individuals with aphasia?

    <p>Errors in oral naming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assessment involves asking 'Is this a...?' to evaluate comprehension?

    <p>Single-word comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is designed to enhance word retrieval through phonemic cues?

    <p>Word repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of semantic reversibility in sentence comprehension?

    <p>More difficult with non-reversible sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach targets production by focusing on verbs as the core of sentences?

    <p>Verb-centered treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cueing method involves sorting pictures into categories to enhance word retrieval?

    <p>Semantic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key goal of auditory comprehension treatment approaches?

    <p>To build on existing language skills efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically preserved in individuals with anomia, aiding in word retrieval?

    <p>Spelling knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a treatment method involving pointing drills and answering yes/no questions?

    <p>Auditory comprehension treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in sentence-level comprehension commonly faced by those with aphasia?

    <p>Interpreting complex sentence structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'spaced retrieval training' primarily focus on?

    <p>Increasing retrieval periods systematically over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an informal assessment method in evaluating language production?

    <p>Following commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential treatment approach could facilitate word retrieval by using gestures?

    <p>Gesture integration with target words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Grice's maxims?

    <p>Diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pragmatic competence involves understanding the literal meaning of words.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one approach that is emphasized in discourse analysis.

    <p>Psycholinguistic or Sociolinguistic approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main goal of the PACE treatment approach is to improve __________ communication.

    <p>functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genres of discourse with their descriptions:

    <p>Narrative = Storytelling or recounting events Procedural = Explaining how to do something Expository = Providing information or explanations Conversation = Interactive dialogue between people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a cueing hierarchy?

    <p>Offering less support initially and increasing as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comprehension is typically impaired in individuals with phonological lexical output disruptions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment method focuses on the underlying need for a string semantic system for both comprehension and word retrieval?

    <p>Semantic Treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Errors in __________ are common for individuals with oral naming difficulties.

    <p>oral naming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the treatment methods with their associated strategies:

    <p>Cueing Hierarchies = Progressively increasing support Semantic Treatment = Sorting pictures into categories Phonological Treatment = Word repetition exercises Reorganizational Approaches = Using spelling knowledge for retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach has shown effectiveness in improving naming skills without relying on compensatory cues?

    <p>Combining gesture with the target word</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spelling knowledge is typically impaired in individuals with anomia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cues can be used in a cueing hierarchy for word retrieval?

    <p>Semantic and phonemic cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of spaced retrieval training?

    <p>Improved functional communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semantic reversibility makes sentences easier to understand.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method to assess single-word comprehension?

    <p>Presenting a word and asking the patient to point to the corresponding object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to understand spoken language is referred to as __________.

    <p>auditory comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors to their impact on sentence complexity:

    <p>Semantic reversibility = Increases difficulty in understanding Sentence structure = Higher complexity makes understanding harder Length of the sentence = Longer sentences may be more challenging Contextual clues = Can aid in comprehension of complex sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task is typically part of assessing single-word comprehension?

    <p>Matching written words to pictures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assessing verb comprehension is not necessary in auditory comprehension tasks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment method is informal and involves following commands?

    <p>Following commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a factor that impacts the difficulty of sentence comprehension.

    <p>Sentence structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients produce target words with systematically increasing __________ between retrieval.

    <p>intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sentence-level comprehension deficits are uncommon in individuals with aphasia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one treatment approach based on Schuells’s method for auditory comprehension.

    <p>Cloze procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly targeted in assessments of auditory comprehension?

    <p>Noun comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The test known as ______ includes subtests for production of complex linguistic structures.

    <p>PAL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the assessment type with its purpose:

    <p>PALPA = Standardized assessment for language processing Revised Token Test = Assesses auditory comprehension BDAE = Battery for aphasia evaluation Following commands = Informal assessment of comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common example of a task used in assessing sentence-level production?

    <p>Picture description</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auditory comprehension treatment approaches involve assuming that the language system is completely lost.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions are included in potential tasks for assessing comprehension?

    <p>Open ended questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In auditory comprehension, the treatment involving answering ______ questions is effective.

    <p>yes or no</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the treatment methods with their descriptions:

    <p>Pointing Drills = Gestural reinforcement of language Cloze Procedure = Sentence completion task Following Directions = Instructions to assess comprehension Open Ended Questions = Encourage detailed responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment focuses on the core of the sentence being the verb?

    <p>Verb centered treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surface alexia and agraphia shows that individuals have complete phonological abilities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difficulty faced by individuals with pure alexia?

    <p>letter to letter reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ processing is primarily associated with a large perisylvian area in the brain.

    <p>Phonological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of alexia with their descriptions:

    <p>Pure alexia = Difficulty reading letter by letter Allographic alexia = Impairment converting graphemes to letter shapes Apraxic alexia = Poorly formed letters with distortions Surface alexia = Breakdown with irregularly spelled words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the regularity effect in surface alexia?

    <p>Difficulty with irregularly spelled words and non-words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with agrammatic aphasia may benefit from treatments focusing on syntactic structure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapy aims to strengthen phonological skills in individuals with reading impairments?

    <p>sentence and paragraph level reading/spelling tx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In aphasia treatment, __________ treatment focuses on improving retrieval of content words.

    <p>verb network strengthening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of global alexia?

    <p>Inconsistencies in letter recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anomia

    • Anomia is a difficulty in naming, impacting functional communication.
    • It's assessed through confrontation naming tasks, involving picture naming and object naming.
    • The lexical retrieval/naming system comprises input and output stages, with input triggering output.
    • In confrontation tasks, the focus lies on the type of input that can elicit accurate output.
    • The input is presented visually (pictures or written words) facilitating recognition from memory.
    • The process involves two stages:
      • Semantic Stage: Input processing with pictures or words
      • Phonological Stage: Retrieving the name (lexical output) for spoken or written language.
    • Confrontation tasks focus on visual object recognition (input), while linguistic tasks involve presenting written words (input).

    Neurological Underpinnings of Lexical Retrieval/Anomia

    • Anomia results from a disruption in the left hemisphere neural network, particularly involving Broca's area.
    • This disruption can be caused by lesions in perisylvian and extrasylvian regions.
    • The left-inferior temporal region plays a crucial role in semantic (lexical input) processing.

    Naming/Lexical Retrieval Assessment

    • Formal Methods:

      • Boston Naming Test
      • Object and Action Naming Battery
      • Expressive Vocabulary Test
      • Language Activity Resource Kit

    • Informal Methods

      • Standardized tests can be used informally without strict administration or scoring criteria.
      • Language Samples
      • Conversations
      • Response, Convergent, and Divergent Naming

    • Modalities

      • Cross-modality naming assessment is essential.
      • Input Modalities:
        • Speech
        • Objects/Pictures
      • Output Modalities:
        • Speech
        • Writing
        • Gesture/Pointing

    • General Considerations:

      • Word-finding difficulties should be identified in spontaneous speech and structured tasks.
      • Structured naming tasks provide a comprehensive assessment of naming functions across various input and output modalities.
      • Help to distinguish between impairment at the semantic or phonological stage of processing (or both).

    • Factors Impacting Performance

      • Nouns vs. verbs
      • Semantic categories
      • Imageability
      • Length
      • Familiarity
      • Word frequency
      • Age of acquisition

    • Error Analysis:

      • Valuable information regarding the nature of impairment can be gleaned by assessing language tasks with a focus on correct/incorrect responses.

    Disruptions to Processing Systems

    • Semantic Disruptions:
      • Errors in both comprehension and naming tasks, affecting spoken and written word comprehension.
      • Difficulty interpreting the meaning of gestures, objects, and pictures.
      • Oral word reading and writing dictation may remain unaffected.
    • Phonological Lexical Output Disruptions:
      • Oral word production is impaired.
      • Comprehension is preserved.
      • Errors in oral naming.
      • Errors in oral word reading.
      • Difficulty activating the output lexicon.

    Naming/Lexical Retrieval Treatment

    • Cueing Hierarchies:

      • Providing progressively more support as needed.
      • Semantic cues
      • Phonemic cues
      • Presenting the target in different modalities.
      • Providing the target and requesting repetition.
      • Computerized programs.

    • Semantic Treatment:

      • Based on the need for a strong semantic system for both comprehension and word retrieval.
      • Utilizing comprehension treatment to facilitate word retrieval.
      • Activities:
        • Sorting pictures into categories
        • Matching auditory words, written words, and pictures (with distractors)
        • Yes/no verification of semantic characteristics of target pictures.
        • Semantic feature analysis.
        • Training patients to employ a matrix of cue words designed to trigger elements or characteristics of the target word.

    • Phonological Treatments:

      • Based on phonological representations, involving word repetition tasks.
      • Less effective than comprehension and cueing strategies.
      • No consensus regarding the effectiveness of these treatments for word-finding impairments.

    • Re-organizational Approaches to Treatment:

      • Spelling Knowledge:
        • May be preserved in individuals with anomia.
        • Can aid in word retrieval via phonemic self-cueing.
      • Gesture:
        • May facilitate correct word retrieval.
        • Typing two letters into a computer to generate the initial phoneme of the target word, followed by the patient pronouncing the sound to provide a phonemic cue.
        • Results: Improved naming skills, even without comprehension or self-cues.
        • Combining gestures with the target word can elicit production.

    • General Factors to Consider

      • Spaced Retrieval Training:
        • Patients produce small sets of personally relevant target words with systematically increasing periods between retrieval.
      • Intensity of Treatment:
        • Influences progress.
      • Generalization:
        • Aim for improved functional communication in conversation contexts.

    Auditory Comprehension

    • The ability to understand spoken language
    • Single-Word Comprehension Assessment:
      • Present a verbal word and give instructions to point to a corresponding object, structure, or picture.
      • Tasks:
        • Matching written words to pictures/objects.
        • Asking "Is this a..." or "book?" (wait for yes/no response - verbal, written, or gestural).
      • Nouns are typically targeted, but verb comprehension can also be assessed with these methods.

    Sentence-Level Comprehension

    • Factors Impacting Complexity:

      • Semantic Reversibility:
        • The meaning of sentences depends on word knowledge, making reversible sentences (words with interchangeable meaning in a sentence) challenging.
        • Non-reversible sentences are easier as word meaning provides interpretation even without syntax comprehension.
      • Sentence Structure:
        • Complex structures are more difficult to understand.
      • Number of Prepositions:
        • More prepositions or verbs increase complexity.

    • Impairment Patterns in Aphasia:

      • Sentence-level comprehension deficits are common in Wernicke's and global aphasia.

    • Assessment:

      • Standardized Forms:
        • PALPA
        • Revised Token Test
        • BDAE
      • Informal Assessment:
        • Following commands
      • Tasks:
        • Simple and complex yes/no questions
        • Answering open-ended questions following information presentation (reading or storytelling).

    Auditory Comprehension Treatment Approaches

    • Based on the stimulation approach, assuming that the language system is not lost but needs to be reactivated efficiently.
    • For individuals experiencing comprehension and production deficits.
    • Activities:
      • Pointing drills.
      • Following directions/commands.
      • Yes/no questions.
      • Schuell’s Approach:
        • Sentence/phrase completion ("cloze procedure") - filling in predictable words in phrases and sentences.
        • Open-ended questions and retelling.

    Sentence-Level Production

    • Informal Assessment:
      • Spontaneous speech
      • Sequence Description
      • Picture Description
      • Analysis procedures
    • Formal/Standardized Aphasia Batteries
      • PAL: Subtests for production of complex linguistic structures.
      • "Point to the picture that shows the elephant was chased by the lion" (comprehension).
      • "I want you to start talking about the cat. Use the word chase." (production).

    Treatment

    • Verb-Centered Treatment:
      • Assumes verbs contain information about argument structure.
      • Cueing Verbs Treatment:
        • Verbs as the "core" of a sentence.
        • Structured practice with verb production, arguments, and repetition.
      • Verb Network Strengthening Treatment:
        • Improves the retrieval of content words within simple active sentences.
    • Syntactically Oriented Treatment:
      • Sentence Production Program for Aphasia
      • Language Production for Syntax
      • Production of specific sentence types improves with repeated exposure to similar sentence forms with different lexical items.
      • Treatment of Underlying Forms for Functional Morphological Categories:
        • Focuses on less complex structures in functional morphology.
    • Functional Morphology:
      • Emphasizes the use and understanding of grammatical morphemes, which are small units of language that carry meaning but are not words themselves (e.g., -ing, -ed, -s).
      • The treatment often focuses on the production and comprehension of these morphemes within simple sentences, using strategies such as sentence completion, picture-based descriptions, and repeated practice.

    Naming/Lexical Retrieval Treatment

    • Cueing hierarchies provide progressively more support as needed.
    • Semantic cues, phonemic cues, target in different modalities, and providing the target and asking for repetition are examples of cueing hierarchies.
    • Computerized programs can also be used.

    Semantic Treatment

    • This treatment focuses on the need for a strong semantic system for both comprehension and word retrieval.
    • Comprehension treatment can be used to facilitate word retrieval. This includes tasks like sorting pictures into categories, matching written words to pictures, and answering yes/no questions about semantic characteristics of target pictures.
    • Semantic feature analysis involves using a matrix of cue words to trigger elements or characteristics of the target word.

    Phonological Treatment

    • Phonological treatments involve repeating words to focus on phonological representations.
    • These treatments can be less effective than comprehension and cueing strategies.
    • There is no consensus on whether semantic or phonological treatment is better for word-finding impairments.

    Re-Organizational Approaches to Treatment

    • Spelling knowledge: May be preserved in individuals with anomia and can facilitate word retrieval through phonemic self-cueing.
    • Gesture: Can facilitate correct word retrieval. For example, typing two letters into a computer to generate the initial phoneme of the target word, and then pronouncing the sound, can provide a phonemic cue.
    • Gesture and target word together: This combined approach can elicit word production.

    General Factors For Treatment of Naming/Lexical Retrieval

    • Spaced retrieval training: Patients produce small sets of personally relevant target words with increasing intervals between retrieval.
    • Intensity of treatment: The amount of therapy provided.
    • Generalization: The ability of the skills learned in therapy to be applied to everyday situations.
    • Goal: Improved functional communication in conversational contexts.

    ### Auditory Comprehension

    •  This refers to the ability to understand spoken language.

    Single-Word Comprehension Assessment:

    •  Present a word verbally and provide instructions to point to the object, picture, or structure.
    •  Potential tasks include matching written words to pictures, asking "Is this a...?" or "book?", and assessing verb comprehension.

    ### Sentence-Level Comprehension

    •   Factors impacting sentence complexity:

      • Semantic Reversibility: Sentences with words that are easily interchangeable are more difficult to understand (e.g., "The cat chased the dog" vs. "The dog chased the cat"). Non-reversible sentences (where word order matters) are easier.
      • Sentence Structure: More complex structures are more difficult to understand.
      • Number of Prepositions: More prepositions and verbs in a sentence increase its complexity.

    •  Common impairment patterns in aphasia: - Sentence-level comprehension deficits are common in Wernicke's and global aphasia.

    • Assessment: - Standardized forms: PALPA, Revised Token Test, BDAE - Informal assessments: Following commands.

      • Potential tasks: Simple and complex yes/no questions, answering open-ended questions after presentation of information (reading or storytelling).

    Auditory Comprehension Treatment Approaches

    •  Stimulation Approach: Building on remaining language abilities to improve efficiency.
      • Pointing Drills: For individuals with comprehension and production deficits.
      • Following Directions and Commands: Also for individuals with comprehension and production deficits.
      • Yes or No Questions: Used to assess and improve comprehension.
    • Treatment based on Schuells’s Approach:
      • Sentence/phrase completion: "Cloze procedure"- completing common phrases with predictable answers.
      • Open-ended questions and retelling: Encouraging recall and language production.

    Sentence-Level Production

    • Informal assessments:
      • Spontaneous speech: Analyzing the patient's natural speech patterns.
      • Sequence Description: Describing a series of events.
      • Picture Description: Describing a visual scene.
      • Analysis Procedures: Analyzing the patient's production of specific language elements.
    • Formal/Standardized Aphasia Batteries:
      • PAL: Includes subtests for production of complex linguistic structures. (Example task: Point to the picture that shows the elephant was chased by the lion (comprehension) / "I want you to start talking about the cat. Use the word chase" (production)).

    Sentence-Level Production Treatment Approaches

    • Verb-centered treatment: This approach focuses on the verb as the core of the sentence.
      • Cueing verbs treatment: Using prompts to support verb retrieval and production.
      • Structured practice: Producing sentences by practicing producing verbs, arguments, and repetition.
    • Verb network strengthening treatment: Aims to improve retrieval of content words within simple active sentences.
    • Syntactically oriented treatment: Focuses on improving the production of specific sentence types.
      • Sentence production program for aphasia: Utilizes repeated exposure and production of sentences with the same form but different lexical items.
    • Treatment of underlying forms for functional morphologic categories: This approach addresses less complex structures and functional morphology (e.g., grammatical endings).

    Neural Bases of Reading and Writing

    • Phonological processing: Primarily located in the large perisylvian area of the brain.
    • Semantic processing: Located in the larger extrasylvian areas of the brain.
    • Orthographic processing: Located in the extrasylvian areas.

    Central Processing Impairments

    • Global/Deep Alexia:
      • Patterns in performance: Performance in reading and spelling is influenced by stimuli characteristics (typically better performance with real words than nonwords).
      • Reading and spelling errors: Common errors include substitutions, semantic errors.
      • Treatments: Reestablishing sublexical sound-letter correspondences, strengthening phonological skills, and sentence and paragraph level reading/spelling therapy.
    • Surface Alexia and Agraphia:
      • Patterns in performance: Regularity effect: A phonological approach is effective for words spelled regularly and nonwords, but there is difficulty with irregularly spelled words.
      • Treatments: Relies on preserved phonological ability, focuses on retaining irregular orthographic representations, and might use CART (Computer-Assisted Reading Therapy).

    Peripheral Impairments

    • Pure alexia: Impairment in converting graphemes (letters) into spoken words (letter-by-letter reading) despite relatively preserved verbal/spoken language.
    • Allographic alexia: Difficulty in converting graphemes to letter shapes, despite being able to name the letter. The individual can spell a word aloud but cannot write it on paper.
    • Apraxic alexia: Poorly formed letters with distortions, additions, and deletions. Letters may be partially correct, but there is inconsistency and errors like adding extraneous letters or shapes.

    Pragmatics

    • Definition: Pragmatics focuses on how language transmits meaning beyond just structure and semantics.
    • Pragmatic competence: The ability to understand the speaker's intended meaning.
    • Grice's Maxims:
      • Quality: Be truthful and provide evidence for claims.
      • Quantity: Be informative but avoid being overly verbose.
      • Relevance: Stay on topic and ensure contributions are relevant to the conversation.
      • Manner: Be clear, unambiguous, and concise in communication.
    • Assessment:
      • Informal assessment: Narrative analysis, interviews, behavioral observation.
      • Formal/structured assessment: Rating scales, checklists, standardized assessments.
    • Treatment:
      • PACE (Promoting Aphasic Communicative Effectiveness): Aims to improve functional communication.

    Discourse

    • Definition: Discourse refers to any form of communication.
    • Genres of discourse: Narrative, procedural, expository, conversation.
    • Discourse analysis: Examines the structure and organization of spoken or written language.
      • Psycholinguistic approaches: Often describe aphasic characteristics in a specific and non-contextual way.
      • Sociolinguistic approaches: Focus on the functional use of language in real-world contexts.
    • Treatment:
      • Remediation for conversational skills and narrative production: May use technology like aphasia scripts and sentence shapers.
      • Modifications of the communicative environment: Provide a variety of levels of support during therapy.
      • Formulaic language: Overlearned words, phrases, or longer linguistic units that are natural to use in speech, occur naturally, and are important for normal interactions.
      • Neural bases of Formulaic Language: Right hemisphere and subcortical structures.
      • Impact in aphasia: Formulaic language is often a component of aphasia assessment because it helps to identify automatic speech/recitation, acknowledgements of greetings/salutations, and sentence completions with idioms.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the complexities of Anomia, a condition affecting naming and functional communication. Participants will engage with concepts around confrontation naming tasks, the stages of lexical retrieval, and the neurological underpinnings of Anomia, particularly focusing on Broca's area. Test your understanding of how these elements interact in the process of language and communication.

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