Questions and Answers
Which of the following pairs of sugars are epimers of each other?
What is the relationship between glucuronic acid and iduronic acid?
Which of the following statements about anomers is incorrect?
Which of the following compounds is not a glycone?
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What is the precursor to neuraminic acid?
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Which of the following compounds is a steroid?
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What is the relationship between D-glucose and galactose?
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Which of the following compounds is not a glycoside?
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What is the aglycone in digoxin?
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Which of the following statements is incorrect?
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Study Notes
Anomers
- Anomers are a special type of diastereomers that differ only around the anomeric carbon (first carbon in glucose, second carbon in fructose).
- Anomerism is seen only in ring structures and is due to the cyclization of sugars.
- The new asymmetric carbon is the anomeric carbon, which was previously symmetric.
Cyclization of Sugars
- Cyclization converts a chain into an anna asymmetric carbon.
- This new asymmetric carbon is the anomeric carbon.
Anomeric Carbon
- If the OH group of the anomeric carbon is above the plane of the pyranose ring or at the same plane as C6, it is known as a β anomer.
- If the OH group of the anomeric carbon is below the plane of the pyranose ring or to the opposite plane of C6, it is known as an α anomer.
Furanose and Pyranose Rings
- Fructose can form both pyranose and furanose rings.
- Phosphorylated fructose exists exclusively as a furanose ring.
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are large chains of sugar (>10) units joined together.
- They can be linear or branched.
- Homoglycans are polymers made up of only one type of monosaccharide.
- Heteroglycans are polymers made up of more than one type of monosaccharide.
Types of Polysaccharides
- Examples of homoglycans: starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
- Examples of heteroglycans: glycosamino glycans.
Classification of Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides can be classified into structural and storage polysaccharides.
- Examples of structural polysaccharides: cellulose and chitin.
- Examples of storage polysaccharides: starch and glycogen.
Epimers
- Mannose and galactose are epimers of each other.
- Xylulose and ribulose are epimers of each other.
- Glucuronic acid and iduronic acid are epimers of each other.
Other Facts
- Neuraminic acid is derived from pyruvate and mannosamine.
- Glycosamino glycans are examples of heteroglycans.
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Description
Learn about anomers, a type of diastereomers that differ around the anomeric carbon. Test your knowledge of organic chemistry concepts!
